英语四级考试真题及答案第2套Word文档下载推荐.docx

1、 published Feb. 1 in Nature, Robert Lustig, Laura Schmidt and Claire Brindis argue that its wrong to consider sugar just empty calories. They write: There is nothing empty about these calories. A growing body of scientific evidence is showing that fructose （果糖） can trigger processes that lead to liv

2、er toxicity and a host of other chronic diseases. A little is not a problem, but a lot kills-slowly.Almost everyones heard of-or personally experienced-the well-known sugar high, so perhaps the comparison between sugar and alcohol or tobacco shouldnt come as a surprise. But its doubtful that America

3、ns will look favorably upon regulating their favorite vice. Were a nation thats sweet on sugar: the average US adult downs 22 teaspoons of sugar a day, according to the American Heart Association, and surveys have found that teens swallow 34 teaspoons.To counter our consumption, the authors advocate

4、 taxing sugary foods and controlling sales to kids under 17. Already, 17% of US children and teens are obese （肥胖的）, and across the world the sugar intake （摄入） has increased three times in the past 50 years. The increase has helped create a global obesity plague that contributes to 35 million annual

5、deaths worldwide from noninfectious diseases including cancer, heart disease and diabetes. Linda Matzigkeit, a senior vice president at Childrens Healthcare, said We have to do something about this or our country is in danger. Its not good if your state has the second-highest obesity rate. Obese chi

6、ldren turn into obese adults. There are good calories and bad calories, just as there are good fats and bad fats, good amino acids （氨基酸） and bad amino acids, Lustig, director of the Weight Assessment for Teen and Child Health program at UCSF, said in a statement. But sugar is toxic beyond its calori

7、es.The food industry tries to imply that a calorie is a calorie, says Kelly Brownell, director of the Rudd Center for Food Policy and Obesity at Yale University. But this and other research suggests there is something different about sugar, says Brownell.The UCSF report emphasizes the metabolic （新陈代

8、谢的） effects of sugar. Excess sugar can alter metabolism, raise blood pressure, affect the signaling of hormones and damage the liver-outcomes that sound suspiciously similar to what can happen after a person drinks too much alcohol. Schmidt, co-chair of UCSFs Community Engagement and Health Policy p

9、rogram, noted on CNN:When you think about it, this actually makes a lot of sense. Alcohol, after all, is simply made from sugar. Where does vodka come from? Sugar. But there are also other areas of impact that researchers have investigated: the effect of sugar on the brain and how liquid calories ar

10、e interpreted differently by the body than solids. Research has suggested that sugar activates the same reward pathways in the brain as traditional drugs of abuse like morphine or heroin. No one is claiming the effect of sugar is quite that strong, but, says Brownell, it helps confirm what people te

11、ll you sometimes, that they hunger for sugar and have withdrawal symptoms when they stop eating it.Theres also something particularly tricky about sugary drinks. When calories come in liquids, the body doesnt feel as full, says Brownell. People are getting more of their calories than ever before fro

12、m sugared drinks.Other countries, including France, Greece and Denmark, impose soda taxes, and the concept is being considered in at least 20 US cities and states. Last summer, Philadelphia came close to passing a 2-cents-per-ounce soda tax. The Rudd Center has been a strong advocate of a more modes

13、t 1-cent-per-ounce tax. But at least one study, from 2010, has raised doubts that soda taxes would result in significant weight loss: apparently people who are determined to eat- and drink-unhealthily will find ways to do it. Teens-no surprise-are good at finding ways to get the things they cant hav

14、e, so state policies banning all sugar-sweetened drinks from public schools and providing only water, milk or 100% fruit juices havent had the intended effect of steering kids away from drinking sugared drinks: the average teen consumes about 300 calories per day-thats nearly 15% of his daily calori

15、es-in sweetened drinks, and the food and drink industry is only too happy to feed this need.Ultimately, regulating sugar will prove particularly tricky because it goes beyond health concerns; sugar, for so many people, is love. A plate of cut-up vegetables just doesnt pack the same emotional punch a

16、s a tin of home-made chocolate chip cookies （饼干）, which is why I took my daughter out for a cupcake and not an apple as an after-school treat today. We dont do that regularly-its the first time this school year, actually-and thats what made it special. As a society, could we ever reach the point whe

17、re wed think apples-not a cupcake-are something to get excited over? Says Brindis, one of the reports authors and director of UCSFs Philip R. Lee Institute for Health Policy Studies:We recognize that there are cultural and celebratory aspects of sugar. Changing these patterns is very complicated.For

18、 inroads （进展） to be made, say the authors in their statement, people have to be better educated about the hazards of sugar and agree that somethings got to change:Many of the interventions （干预） that have reduced alcohol and tobacco consumption can be models for addressing the sugar problem, such as

19、imposing special sales taxes, controlling access, and tightening licensing requirements on vending machine （自动售货机） and snack-bars that sell high sugar products in schools and workplaces.Were not talking prohibition, Schmidt said. re not advocating a major imposition of the government into peoples li

20、ves. Were talking about gentle ways to make sugar consumption slightly less convenient, thereby moving people away from the concentrated dose. What we want is to actually increase peoples choices by making foods that arent loaded with sugar comparatively easier and cheaper to get.注意：此部分试题请在答题卡1上作答。1

21、. Why do some researchers think sugar should be considered a controlled substance?A） It contains nothing but empty calories.B） It is as harmful as morphine and heroin.C） It works the same way as alcohol and tobacco in the human body.D） Excessive intake of sugar results in liver toxicity and various

22、diseases.2. What might be Americans attitude towards government regulation of sugar consumption?A） Enthusiastic. B） Indifferent. C） Disapproving. D） Supportive.3. What is a consequence of excessive sugar intake worldwide?A） It contributes to 35 million noninfectious disease-related deaths a year.B）

23、It has increased the death toll nearly three times in the past 50 years.C） It contributes to the rise of prices of sugar and sugary foods.D） It has increased the global obesity rate to some 17 percent.4. The food industry tries to relieve the public worry about sugar intake by suggesting that _.A） s

24、ugar is no more than a source of energyB） sugar is not harmful like alcohol or tobaccoC） the hazard of sugar to the body is exaggeratedD） the consumption of sugar is easily controllable5. According to Brownell, liquid sugar _.A） is especially attractive to young childrenB） is much easier and quicker

25、 to absorb than solid sugarC） effectively stimulates peoples appetiteD） increases your calorie intake without your knowing it6. What does the author think of the practice of imposing sugar taxes?A） It will harm the food and drink industry. B） It is unlikely to yield the intended effect.C） It is like

26、ly to alter peoples eating habits.D） It can steer kids away from sugary foods.7. Regulating sugar will prove tricky because _.A） people consume sugar in large quantitiesB） nothing has been found to replace sugarC） sugar may convey a sense of loveD） many foods will become tasteless8. In order to redu

27、ce sugar consumption, education should be conducted to raise peoples awareness of its _.9. To address the sugar problem, the author suggests that the licensing requirements on vending machine and snack-bars selling high sugar products be _.10. A gentle way to steer people away from sugar is to make

28、inexpensive, low-sugar foods _.Part III Listening Comprehension （35 minutes）Section A In this section, you will hear 8 short conversations and 2 long conversations. At the end of each conversation, one or more questions will be asked about what was said. Both the conversation and the questions will be spoken only once. After each question there will be a pause. During the pause, you must read the four choices marked A）, B）, C） and D）, and decide which is the best answer. Then mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2 with a single line through the centre. 此部分试题请在答题卡2上作