英语四级考试真题及答案第2套Word文档下载推荐.docx

英语四级考试真题及答案第2套Word文档下载推荐.docx

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publishedFeb.1inNature,RobertLustig,LauraSchmidtandClaireBrindisarguethatit'

swrongtoconsidersugarjust"

emptycalories."

Theywrite:

"

Thereisnothingemptyaboutthesecalories.Agrowingbodyofscientificevidenceisshowingthatfructose（果糖）cantriggerprocessesthatleadtolivertoxicityandahostofotherchronicdiseases.Alittleisnotaproblem,butalotkills-slowly."

Almosteveryone'

sheardof-orpersonallyexperienced-thewell-knownsugarhigh,soperhapsthecomparisonbetweensugarandalcoholortobaccoshouldn'

tcomeasasurprise.Butit'

sdoubtfulthatAmericanswilllookfavorablyuponregulatingtheirfavoritevice.We'

reanationthat'

ssweetonsugar:

theaverageUSadultdowns22teaspoonsofsugaraday,accordingtotheAmericanHeartAssociation,andsurveyshavefoundthatteensswallow34teaspoons.

Tocounterourconsumption,theauthorsadvocatetaxingsugaryfoodsandcontrollingsalestokidsunder17.Already,17%ofUSchildrenandteensareobese（肥胖的）,andacrosstheworldthesugarintake（摄入）hasincreasedthreetimesinthepast50years.Theincreasehashelpedcreateaglobalobesityplaguethatcontributesto35millionannualdeathsworldwidefromnoninfectiousdiseasesincludingcancer,heartdiseaseanddiabetes.LindaMatzigkeit,aseniorvicepresidentatChildren'

sHealthcare,said"

Wehavetodosomethingaboutthisorourcountryisindanger.It'

snotgoodifyourstatehasthesecond-highestobesityrate.Obesechildrenturnintoobeseadults."

"

Therearegoodcaloriesandbadcalories,justastherearegoodfatsandbadfats,goodaminoacids（氨基酸）andbadaminoacids,"

Lustig,directoroftheWeightAssessmentforTeenandChildHealthprogramatUCSF,saidinastatement."

Butsugaristoxicbeyonditscalories."

Thefoodindustrytriestoimplythat"

acalorieisacalorie,"

saysKellyBrownell,directoroftheRuddCenterforFoodPolicyandObesityatYaleUniversity."

Butthisandotherresearchsuggeststhereissomethingdifferentaboutsugar,"

saysBrownell.

TheUCSFreportemphasizesthemetabolic（新陈代谢的）effectsofsugar.Excesssugarcanaltermetabolism,raisebloodpressure,affectthesignalingofhormonesanddamagetheliver-outcomesthatsoundsuspiciouslysimilartowhatcanhappenafterapersondrinkstoomuchalcohol.Schmidt,co-chairofUCSF'

sCommunityEngagementandHealthPolicyprogram,notedonCNN:

Whenyouthinkaboutit,thisactuallymakesalotofsense.Alcohol,afterall,issimplymadefromsugar.Wheredoesvodkacomefrom?

Sugar."

Buttherearealsootherareasofimpactthatresearchershaveinvestigated:

theeffectofsugaronthebrainandhowliquidcaloriesareinterpreteddifferentlybythebodythansolids.Researchhassuggestedthatsugaractivatesthesamerewardpathwaysinthebrainastraditionaldrugsofabuselikemorphineorheroin.Nooneisclaimingtheeffectofsugarisquitethatstrong,but,saysBrownell,"

ithelpsconfirmwhatpeopletellyousometimes,thattheyhungerforsugarandhavewithdrawalsymptomswhentheystopeatingit."

There'

salsosomethingparticularlytrickyaboutsugarydrinks."

Whencaloriescomeinliquids,thebodydoesn'

tfeelasfull,"

saysBrownell."

Peoplearegettingmoreoftheircaloriesthaneverbeforefromsugareddrinks."

Othercountries,includingFrance,GreeceandDenmark,imposesodataxes,andtheconceptisbeingconsideredinatleast20UScitiesandstates.Lastsummer,Philadelphiacameclosetopassinga2-cents-per-ouncesodatax.TheRuddCenterhasbeenastrongadvocateofamoremodest1-cent-per-ouncetax.Butatleastonestudy,from2010,hasraiseddoubtsthatsodataxeswouldresultinsignificantweightloss:

apparentlypeoplewhoaredeterminedtoeat-anddrink-unhealthilywillfindwaystodoit.Teens-nosurprise-aregoodatfindingwaystogetthethingstheycan'

thave,sostatepoliciesbanningallsugar-sweeteneddrinksfrompublicschoolsandprovidingonlywater,milkor100%fruitjuiceshaven'

thadtheintendedeffectofsteeringkidsawayfromdrinkingsugareddrinks:

theaverageteenconsumesabout300caloriesperday-that'

snearly15%ofhisdailycalories-insweeteneddrinks,andthefoodanddrinkindustryisonlytoohappytofeedthisneed.

Ultimately,regulatingsugarwillproveparticularlytrickybecauseitgoesbeyondhealthconcerns;

sugar,forsomanypeople,islove.Aplateofcut-upvegetablesjustdoesn'

tpackthesameemotionalpunchasatinofhome-madechocolatechipcookies（饼干）,whichiswhyItookmydaughteroutforacupcakeandnotanappleasanafter-schooltreattoday.Wedon'

tdothatregularly-it'

sthefirsttimethisschoolyear,actually-andthat'

swhatmadeitspecial.Asasociety,couldweeverreachthepointwherewe'

dthinkapples-notacupcake-aresomethingtogetexcitedover?

SaysBrindis,oneofthereport'

sauthorsanddirectorofUCSF'

sPhilipR.LeeInstituteforHealthPolicyStudies:

Werecognizethatthereareculturalandcelebratoryaspectsofsugar.Changingthesepatternsisverycomplicated."

Forinroads（进展）tobemade,saytheauthorsintheirstatement,peoplehavetobebettereducatedaboutthehazardsofsugarandagreethatsomething'

sgottochange:

Manyoftheinterventions（干预）thathavereducedalcoholandtobaccoconsumptioncanbemodelsforaddressingthesugarproblem,suchasimposingspecialsalestaxes,controllingaccess,andtighteninglicensingrequirementsonvendingmachine（自动售货机）andsnack-barsthatsellhighsugarproductsinschoolsandworkplaces.

We'

renottalkingprohibition,"

Schmidtsaid."

renotadvocatingamajorimpositionofthegovernmentintopeople'

slives.We'

retalkingaboutgentlewaystomakesugarconsumptionslightlylessconvenient,therebymovingpeopleawayfromtheconcentrateddose.Whatwewantistoactuallyincreasepeople'

schoicesbymakingfoodsthataren'

tloadedwithsugarcomparativelyeasierandcheapertoget."

注意：

此部分试题请在答题卡1上作答。

1.Whydosomeresearchersthinksugarshouldbeconsidered"

acontrolledsubstance"

?

A）Itcontainsnothingbutemptycalories.

B）Itisasharmfulasmorphineandheroin.

C）Itworksthesamewayasalcoholandtobaccointhehumanbody.

D）Excessiveintakeofsugarresultsinlivertoxicityandvariousdiseases.

2.WhatmightbeAmericans'

attitudetowardsgovernmentregulationofsugarconsumption?

A）Enthusiastic.B）Indifferent.C）Disapproving.D）Supportive.

3.Whatisaconsequenceofexcessivesugarintakeworldwide?

A）Itcontributesto35millionnoninfectiousdisease-relateddeathsayear.

B）Ithasincreasedthedeathtollnearlythreetimesinthepast50years.

C）Itcontributestotheriseofpricesofsugarandsugaryfoods.

D）Ithasincreasedtheglobalobesityratetosome17percent.

4.Thefoodindustrytriestorelievethepublicworryaboutsugarintakebysuggestingthat_____________.

A）sugarisnomorethanasourceofenergy

B）sugarisnotharmfullikealcoholortobacco

C）thehazardofsugartothebodyisexaggerated

D）theconsumptionofsugariseasilycontrollable

5.AccordingtoBrownell,liquidsugar_____________.

A）isespeciallyattractivetoyoungchildren

B）ismucheasierandquickertoabsorbthansolidsugar

C）effectivelystimulatespeople'

sappetite

D）increasesyourcalorieintakewithoutyourknowingit

6.Whatdoestheauthorthinkofthepracticeofimposingsugartaxes?

A）Itwillharmthefoodanddrinkindustry.

B）Itisunlikelytoyieldtheintendedeffect.

C）Itislikelytoalterpeople'

seatinghabits.

D）Itcansteerkidsawayfromsugaryfoods.

7.Regulatingsugarwillprovetrickybecause_____________.

A）peopleconsumesugarinlargequantities

B）nothinghasbeenfoundtoreplacesugar

C）sugarmayconveyasenseoflove

D）manyfoodswillbecometasteless

8.Inordertoreducesugarconsumption,educationshouldbeconductedtoraisepeople'

sawarenessofits_____________.

9.Toaddressthesugarproblem,theauthorsuggeststhatthelicensingrequirementsonvendingmachineandsnack-barssellinghighsugarproductsbe_____________.

10.Agentlewaytosteerpeopleawayfromsugaristomakeinexpensive,low-sugarfoods_____________.

PartIIIListeningComprehension（35minutes）

SectionA

Inthissection,youwillhear8shortconversationsand2longconversations.Attheendofeachconversation,oneormorequestionswillbeaskedaboutwhatwassaid.Boththeconversationandthequestionswillbespokenonlyonce.Aftereachquestiontherewillbeapause.Duringthepause,youmustreadthefourchoicesmarkedA）,B）,C）andD）,anddecidewhichisthebestanswer.ThenmarkthecorrespondingletteronAnswerSheet2withasinglelinethroughthecentre.

此部分试题请在答题卡2上作