全球化的英文Word文档下载推荐.docx

1、many ways. Its important that manufacturers, in their efforts to overcome the challenges of globalization, do not overlook the potential benefits it provides. Of particular value to manufacturers, the shift to a world market has dramatically increased the available pool of data on machining processe

2、s. The advent of the Internet and nearly continuous breakthroughs in communications technology allow the sharing of expertise on unprecedented levels. For instance, a production facility in the MidUS might benefit greatly by comparing its processes to those of a European shop that takes a different

3、approach to manufacturing similar parts. Twenty years ago, there was a miniscule chance of that potentially useful information making its way halfway around the globe. Today, its much easier for American manufacturers to learn from colleagues in other parts of the world. To best take advantage of th

4、e positive aspects of a world market, companies with an international presence must shoulder the responsibility of efficiently acquiring and disseminating knowledge that will provide tangible benefits to their customers. On a smaller scale, this idea holds true for any manufacturer operating multipi

5、e facilities, regardless of their geographic proximity. If one plant at a company discovers a tangible productivity improvement, common sense dictates that the company should convey that improveirient to its other plants, and implement it in those plants. Adoption of this philosophy at an internatio

6、nal level can be complicated, but the basic principle remains the same. Establishing a uniform identity across national borders is a key aspect to building the most beneficial database of knowledge possible. Traditionally, the national subsidiaries of a multinational company tend to act as businesse

7、s independent of each other. To facilitate the free flow of information, its important that these entities share and understand common goals, procedures, and philosophies. This allows favorable practices discovered at one location to provide the maximum benefit to the entire group. In addition to im

8、proving the efficiency of internal operations, this approach also serves to improve the products and services received by customers, regardless of their geographic location. Cultivating a uniform corporate philosophy is a time-consuming and challenging process for? companies doing business on a glob

9、al level. It inevitably requires changes to individuals mindsets. Maximizing success in achieving a uniform identity requires clear and consistent communication to employees, partners, and customers. The goals and values of the manufacturer should be carefully evaluated, ideally through a process th

10、at welcomes and implements feedback from all involved parties. By welcoming input from those contributing to the companys overall success, a high level of commitment is achieved from the beginning. Once these goals and values have been defined, the atmosphere of the workplace should reinforce their

11、implementation, and employee success should be recognized and rewarded. Total implementation will be a process, not an instantaneous action. In addition to changing the mindset of employees, multinational companies must establish a coherent and efficient framework for sharing information across nati

12、onal borders. If information sharing is pursued haphazardly, a variety of issues can arise, resulting in a confusing, jumbled collection of data. Clearly defined procedures, accompanied by a tested and proven system for data-sharing, help to ensure that a company effectively shares experiences that

13、have the potential to benefit its national divisions, customers, and the market as a whole. Too often, manufacturing professionals talk only of the negative effects of globalization. While technological breakthroughs in communication and transportation have increased competition for most companies,

14、they have also created the potential for substantial benefits through continuous improvement. By capitalizing on the wealth of information now readily available, manufacturers can experience the upside of a global marketplace. Globalization has brought little but good news to those with the products

15、, skills, and resources to market worldwide. But does it also work for the worlds poor? That is the central question around which the debate over globalizationin essence, free trade and free flows of capitalrevolves. Antiglobalization protesters may have had only limited success in blocking world tr

16、ade negotiations or disrupting the meetings of the International Monetary Fund （IMF）, but they have irrevocably altered the terms of the debate. Poverty is now the defining issue for both sides. The captains of the world economy have conceded that progress in international trade and finance has to b

17、e measured against the yardsticks of poverty alleviation and sustainable development. For most of the worlds developing countries, the 1990s were a decade of frustration and disappointment. The economies of sub-Saharan Africa, with few exceptions, stubbornly refused to respond to the medicine meted

18、out by the World Bank and the IMF. Latin American countries were buffeted by a never-ending series of boom-and-bust cycles in capital markets and experienced growth rates significantly below their historical averages. Most of the former socialist economies ended the decade at lower levels of per-cap

19、ita income than they started itand even in the rare successes, such as Poland, poverty rates remained higher than under communism. East Asian economies such as South Korea, Thailand, and Malaysia, which had been hailed previously as miracles, were dealt a humiliating blow in the financial crisis of

20、1997. That this was also the decade in which globalization came into full swing is more than a minor inconvenience for its advocates. If globalization is such a boon for poor countries, why so many setbacks?Globalizers deploy two counter-arguments against such complaints. One is that global poverty

21、has actually decreased. The reason is simple: while most countries have seen lower income growth, the worlds two largest countries, China and India, have had the opposite experience. （Economic growth tends to be highly correlated with poverty reduction.） Chinas growth since the late 1970saveraging a

22、lmost 8 percent per annum per capitahas been nothing short of spectacular. Indias performance has not been as extraordinary, but the countrys growth rate has more than doubled since the early 1980sfrom 1.5 percent per capita to 3.7 percent. These two countries house more than half of the worlds poor

23、, and their experience is perhaps enough to dispel the collective doom elsewhere. The second counter-argument is that it is precisely those countries that have experienced the greatest integration with the world economy that have managed to grow fastest and reduce poverty the most. A typical exercis

24、e in this vein consists of dividing developing countries into two groups on the basis of the increase in their tradeglobalizers versus non-globalizersand to show that the first group did much better than the second. Here too, China, India, and a few other high performers like Vietnam and Uganda are

25、the key exhibits for the pro-globalization argument. The intended message from such studies is that countries that have the best shot at lifting themselves out of poverty are those that open themselves up to the world economy.How we read globalizations record in alleviating poverty hinges critically

26、, therefore, on what we make of the experience of a small number of countries that have done well in the last decade or twoChina in particular. In 1960, the average Chinese expected to live only 36 years. By 1999, life expectancy had risen to 70 years, not far below the level of the United States. L

27、iteracy has risen from less than 50 percent to more than 80 percent. Even though economic development has been uneven, with the coastal regions doing much better than the interior, there has been a striking reduction in poverty rates almost everywhere.What does this impressive experience tell us abo

28、ut what globalization can do for poor countries? There is little doubt that exports and foreign investment have played an important role in Chinas development. By selling its products on world markets, China has been able to purchase the capital equipment and inputs needed for its modernization. And

29、 the surge in foreign investment has brought much-needed managerial and technical expertise. The regions of China that have grown fastest are those that took the greatest advantage of foreign trade and investment. But look closer at the Chinese experience, and you discover that it is hardly a poster

30、 child for globalization. Chinas economic policies have violated virtually every rule by which the proselytizers of globalization would like the game to be played. China did not liberalize its trade regime to any significant extent, and it joined the World Trade Organization （WTO） only last year; to

31、 this day, its economy remains among the most protected in the world. Chinese currency markets were not unified until 1994. China resolutely refused to open its financial markets to foreigners, again until very recently. Most striking of all, China achieved its transformation without adopting privat

32、e-property rights, let alone privatizing its state enterprises. Chinas policymakers were practical enough to understand the role that private incentives and markets could play in producing results. But they were also smart enough to realize that the solution to their problems lay in institutional innovations suited to t