全球化的英文Word文档下载推荐.docx
《全球化的英文Word文档下载推荐.docx》由会员分享,可在线阅读,更多相关《全球化的英文Word文档下载推荐.docx(7页珍藏版)》请在冰点文库上搜索。
manyways.It'
simportantthatmanufacturers,intheireffortstoovercomethechallengesofglobalization,donotoverlookthepotentialbenefitsitprovides.
Ofparticularvaluetomanufacturers,theshifttoaworldmarkethasdramaticallyincreasedtheavailablepoolofdataonmachiningprocesses.TheadventoftheInternet
andnearlycontinuousbreakthroughsincommunicationstechnologyallowthesharingofexpertiseonunprecedentedlevels.Forinstance,aproductionfacilityintheMid
USmightbenefitgreatlybycomparingitsprocessestothoseofaEuropeanshopthattakesadifferentapproachtomanufacturingsimilarparts.Twentyyearsago,therewasaminisculechanceofthatpotentiallyusefulinformationmakingitswayhalfwayaroundtheglobe.Today,it'
smucheasierforAmericanmanufacturerstolearnfromcolleaguesinotherpartsoftheworld.
Tobesttakeadvantageofthepositiveaspectsofaworldmarket,companieswithaninternationalpresencemustshouldertheresponsibilityofefficientlyacquiringanddisseminatingknowledgethatwillprovidetangiblebenefitstotheircustomers.Onasmallerscale,thisideaholdstrueforanymanufactureroperatingmultipiefacilities,regardlessoftheirgeographicproximity.Ifoneplantatacompanydiscoversatangibleproductivityimprovement,commonsensedictatesthatthecompanyshouldconveythatimproveirienttoitsotherplants,andimplementitinthoseplants.Adoptionofthisphilosophyataninternationallevelcanbecomplicated,butthebasicprincipleremainsthesame.
Establishingauniformidentityacrossnationalbordersisakeyaspecttobuildingthemostbeneficialdatabaseofknowledgepossible.Traditionally,thenationalsubsidiariesofamultinationalcompanytendtoactasbusinessesindependentofeachother.Tofacilitatethefreeflowofinformation,it'
simportantthattheseentitiesshareandunderstandcommongoals,procedures,andphilosophies.Thisallowsfavorablepracticesdiscoveredatonelocationtoprovidethemaximumbenefittotheentiregroup.Inadditiontoimprovingtheefficiencyofinternaloperations,thisapproachalsoservestoimprovetheproductsandservicesreceivedbycustomers,regardlessoftheirgeographiclocation.
Cultivatingauniformcorporatephilosophyisatime-consumingandchallengingprocessfor?
companiesdoingbusinessonagloballevel.Itinevitablyrequireschangestoindividuals'
mindsets.
Maximizingsuccessinachievingauniformidentityrequiresclearandconsistentcommunicationtoemployees,partners,andcustomers.Thegoalsandvaluesofthemanufacturershouldbecarefullyevaluated,ideallythroughaprocessthatwelcomesandimplementsfeedbackfromallinvolvedparties.Bywelcominginputfromthosecontributingtothecompany'
soverallsuccess,ahighlevelofcommitmentisachievedfromthebeginning.Oncethesegoalsandvalueshavebeendefined,theatmosphereoftheworkplaceshouldreinforcetheirimplementation,andemployeesuccessshouldberecognizedandrewarded.Totalimplementationwillbeaprocess,notaninstantaneousaction.
Inadditiontochangingthemindsetofemployees,multinationalcompaniesmustestablishacoherentandefficientframeworkforsharinginformationacrossnationalborders.Ifinformationsharingispursuedhaphazardly,avarietyofissuescanarise,resultinginaconfusing,jumbledcollectionofdata.Clearlydefinedprocedures,accompaniedbyatestedandprovensystemfordata-sharing,helptoensurethatacompanyeffectivelysharesexperiencesthathavethepotentialtobenefititsnationaldivisions,customers,andthemarketasawhole.
Toooften,manufacturingprofessionalstalkonlyofthenegativeeffectsofglobalization.Whiletechnologicalbreakthroughsincommunicationandtransportationhaveincreasedcompetitionformostcompanies,theyhavealsocreatedthepotentialforsubstantialbenefitsthroughcontinuousimprovement.Bycapitalizingonthewealthofinformationnowreadilyavailable,manufacturerscanexperiencetheupsideofaglobalmarketplace.
Globalizationhasbroughtlittlebutgoodnewstothosewiththeproducts,skills,andresourcestomarketworldwide.Butdoesitalsoworkfortheworld'
spoor?
Thatisthecentralquestionaroundwhichthedebateoverglobalization—inessence,freetradeandfreeflowsofcapital—revolves.AntiglobalizationprotestersmayhavehadonlylimitedsuccessinblockingworldtradenegotiationsordisruptingthemeetingsoftheInternationalMonetaryFund(IMF),buttheyhaveirrevocablyalteredthetermsofthedebate.Povertyisnowthedefiningissueforbothsides.Thecaptainsoftheworldeconomyhaveconcededthatprogressininternationaltradeandfinancehastobemeasuredagainsttheyardsticksofpovertyalleviationandsustainabledevelopment.
Formostoftheworld'
sdevelopingcountries,the1990swereadecadeoffrustrationanddisappointment.Theeconomiesofsub-SaharanAfrica,withfewexceptions,stubbornlyrefusedtorespondtothemedicinemetedoutbytheWorldBankandtheIMF.LatinAmericancountrieswerebuffetedbyanever-endingseriesofboom-and-bustcyclesincapitalmarketsandexperiencedgrowthratessignificantlybelowtheirhistoricalaverages.Mostoftheformersocialisteconomiesendedthedecadeatlowerlevelsofper-capitaincomethantheystartedit—andevenintheraresuccesses,suchasPoland,povertyratesremainedhigherthanundercommunism.EastAsianeconomiessuchasSouthKorea,Thailand,andMalaysia,whichhadbeenhailedpreviouslyas"
miracles,"
weredealtahumiliatingblowinthefinancialcrisisof1997.Thatthiswasalsothedecadeinwhichglobalizationcameintofullswingismorethanaminorinconvenienceforitsadvocates.Ifglobalizationissuchaboonforpoorcountries,whysomanysetbacks?
Globalizersdeploytwocounter-argumentsagainstsuchcomplaints.Oneisthatglobalpovertyhasactuallydecreased.Thereasonissimple:
whilemostcountrieshaveseenlowerincomegrowth,theworld'
stwolargestcountries,ChinaandIndia,havehadtheoppositeexperience.(Economicgrowthtendstobehighlycorrelatedwithpovertyreduction.)China'
sgrowthsincethelate1970s—averagingalmost8percentperannumpercapita—hasbeennothingshortofspectacular.India'
sperformancehasnotbeenasextraordinary,butthecountry'
sgrowthratehasmorethandoubledsincetheearly1980s—from1.5percentpercapitato3.7percent.Thesetwocountrieshousemorethanhalfoftheworld'
spoor,andtheirexperienceisperhapsenoughtodispelthecollectivedoomelsewhere.
Thesecondcounter-argumentisthatitispreciselythosecountriesthathaveexperiencedthegreatestintegrationwiththeworldeconomythathavemanagedtogrowfastestandreducepovertythemost.Atypicalexerciseinthisveinconsistsofdividingdevelopingcountriesintotwogroupsonthebasisoftheincreaseintheirtrade—"
globalizers"
versus"
non-globalizers"
—andtoshowthatthefirstgroupdidmuchbetterthanthesecond.Heretoo,China,India,andafewotherhighperformerslikeVietnamandUgandaarethekeyexhibitsforthepro-globalizationargument.Theintendedmessagefromsuchstudiesisthatcountriesthathavethebestshotatliftingthemselvesoutofpovertyarethosethatopenthemselvesuptotheworldeconomy.
Howwereadglobalization'
srecordinalleviatingpovertyhingescritically,therefore,onwhatwemakeoftheexperienceofasmallnumberofcountriesthathavedonewellinthelastdecadeortwo—Chinainparticular.In1960,theaverageChineseexpectedtoliveonly36years.By1999,lifeexpectancyhadrisento70years,notfarbelowtheleveloftheUnitedStates.Literacyhasrisenfromlessthan50percenttomorethan80percent.Eventhougheconomicdevelopmenthasbeenuneven,withthecoastalregionsdoingmuchbetterthantheinterior,therehasbeenastrikingreductioninpovertyratesalmosteverywhere.
Whatdoesthisimpressiveexperiencetellusaboutwhatglobalizationcandoforpoorcountries?
ThereislittledoubtthatexportsandforeigninvestmenthaveplayedanimportantroleinChina'
sdevelopment.Bysellingitsproductsonworldmarkets,Chinahasbeenabletopurchasethecapitalequipmentandinputsneededforitsmodernization.Andthesurgeinforeigninvestmenthasbroughtmuch-neededmanagerialandtechnicalexpertise.TheregionsofChinathathavegrownfastestarethosethattookthegreatestadvantageofforeigntradeandinvestment.
ButlookcloserattheChineseexperience,andyoudiscoverthatitishardlyaposterchildforglobalization.China'
seconomicpolicieshaveviolatedvirtuallyeveryrulebywhichtheproselytizersofglobalizationwouldlikethegametobeplayed.Chinadidnotliberalizeitstraderegimetoanysignificantextent,anditjoinedtheWorldTradeOrganization(WTO)onlylastyear;
tothisday,itseconomyremainsamongthemostprotectedintheworld.Chinesecurrencymarketswerenotunifieduntil1994.Chinaresolutelyrefusedtoopenitsfinancialmarketstoforeigners,againuntilveryrecently.Moststrikingofall,Chinaachieveditstransformationwithoutadoptingprivate-propertyrights,letaloneprivatizingitsstateenterprises.China'
spolicymakerswerepracticalenoughtounderstandtherolethatprivateincentivesandmarketscouldplayinproducingresults.Buttheywerealsosmartenoughtorealizethatthesolutiontotheirproblemslayininstitutionalinnovationssuitedtot