高考英语句子成分与句子结构专项讲解.docx

1、高考英语句子成分与句子结构专项讲解高考英语句子成分与句子结构专项讲解1、考点分析 （考查形式：语法填空，句子翻译，及阅读中对句子的理解） 主语主语是句中动作、行为、性质和状态的主题，是一个句子谈论的主题。表示所说的“是什么”或“是谁”。一般由名词、代词、不定代词或相当于名词的单词或短语来充当，也有从句充当的现象。大多数主语都在句首。在“There be ”句型中，主语的位置在中间。如：There are some bottles of milk in the box.在个别句型中，主语在整个句子后面，这时前面用it作形式主语。如：It is very interesting to play t

2、he game called “treat or trick”.It took two workers about three monthsto build the house.名词代词数词主语从句非谓语（不定式）非谓语（动名词）China is a large country. （名词）Who teaches you math? （代词）Four and five makes nine.（数词）That he forgot to tell me the time for the meeting caused lots of trouble. （从句）To become a doctor is

3、 my wish.（不定式）Learning English is not easy.（动名词）谓语谓语用来说明主语的行为、动作或所处的状态。说明主语“做什么”、“是什么”或“怎么样”，谓语必须是动词，一般放在主语后面。谓语有人称、数和时态的变化。谓语动词构成：1）简单动词（及动词短语）（时态+语态变化）2）复合动词：情态动词+动词原形助动词+动词原形His father gave up smoking. He looks after two children. The twins doesntlook the same.They are playing a game. I have trie

4、d this way three times and failed three times.He can swim. 表语用来说明主语的特征、属性、状态、身份等；说明主语“是什么”或“怎么样”，由名词、形容词、介词、副词、介词短语、非谓语及从句来充当，它的位置在系动词后面。除了系动词be外，还有些能做系动词的实义动词，也称为半系动词，其后也要接形容词做表语：come, go,run, turn,get, become, fall, keep, stay, make (表变化的动词) feel, sound ,smell , look, taste, touch（感观动词） seem, appe

5、ar (似乎，好像) 名词、代词、数词、形容词、副词、介词短语、表语从句、非谓语（不定式）非谓语（动名词）非谓语（现在分词）非谓语（过去分词）My cousin is a lawyer.（名词）The pair of shoes is hers. （代词）She was the second to join the party in our class. He is busy now. Class was over at last after the long speech. My school is among mountains. （介词短语）This is where I first m

6、et her.To a doctor, the most important thing is to save lives. （不定式）Her job istraining the nurses.The news is exciting. （现在分词）I am interested in the photo. （过去分词）宾语表示动作、行为的对象。由名词、数词、代词、非谓语（不定式&动名词）或从句来充当，它和谓语动词一起说明主语是什么，通常放在谓语动词后面。有时，会有双宾语。名词、数词、代词、非谓语（动名词）、非谓语（不定式）、宾语从句单宾语，双宾语：直接宾语（物）+间接宾语（人）复合宾语（宾

7、语+补足语）I had noodles for breakfast. （名词）I received ten before Christmas and the rest of the postcards were late. （数词）Mr. Zhang invited us to the club. （代词宾格）The Americans enjoyed living in China.He likes to sleep in the open air.I believe that they can finish the work in time.Heleft Shanghai last wee

8、k.He played us（间接宾语）some nice music（直接宾语）. 间接宾语可以放在直接宾语后面，但必须加to 或 for。He lent some money to me.I will get the computer（宾语）repaired（补足语） tomorrow. 补足语有些动词除需要宾语外，还需要宾语补足语，句子意义才能完整。我们把“宾语宾语补足语”合起来称为复合宾语。复合宾语所表达的意思相当于一个句子的意思。名词、动词、形容词、副词、介词短语、非谓语（不定式、现在分词、过去分词）都可以作宾语补足语。名词、形容词、副词、介词短语、非谓语（不定式）非谓语（过去分词）

9、非谓语（现在分词）从句If you let me go, Ill make you king. （名词作宾补）We must keep the classroomclean. （形容词作宾补）We found Li Mingout when we arrived.Make yourself at home.I saw a girl go into the building. （省略to的不定式作宾补）The boy ordered the dog to lie down. （带to的不定式作宾补）The boss keep them working all the day.I heard my

10、 name called. Mr. Li has made the factory what it is today.含有宾语补足语的句子变为被动句时，宾语补足语便成了主语补足语。Mother made himstay at home.（主动语态，不定式做宾补）He was made to stay at home by his mother. （被动语态，不定式做主语补足语）定语定语用来修饰名词或代词。形容词、代词、数词、名词、介词短语、不定式或相当于形容词的词或短语等都可以充当定语。因为它是修饰名词或代词的，而名词和代词可以作主语、表语或宾语，所以定语的位置很灵活，凡是有名词、代词的地方都

11、可以有定语。分为前置定语和后置定语。前置定语：形容词、代词、数词、名词、名词所有格非谓语（动名词）、非谓语（现在分词）、非谓语（过去分词）、后置定语：修饰不定代词副词、介词短语、定语从句、非谓语（不定式）、非谓语（现在分词短语）、非谓语（过去分词短语）、I had a good time in the park. （形容词）This is his bag. (代词)She cut the cake into two pieces. （数词）This is a stone table and hard enoughto hold the goods. （名词）Do you know Betty

12、sister? (所有格)Put the child in the sleeping bag. （动名词）a sleeping child 正在睡的小孩a retired worker 一个退休工人If you dont know the answer, ask someone else.the room above 楼上的房间The book on the desk is mine. （介词短语）The person who stands at the gate is my mother. （定语从句）Do you have anything to drink?（不定式）The model

13、plane flying in the sky is made by him.（分词短语）The car parked outside is mine.状语状语常用来修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子。可表：时间、地点、方式、目的、原因、结果等。由副词、介词短语、非谓语（不定式、分词）状语从句担当。副词介词短语状语从句（条件）状语从句（时间）非谓语（不定式）非谓语（现在分词）非谓语（过去分词）Fortunately, he was saved by a sailor. （副词）The old lady sits in front of the house. （介词短语）If it snows,

14、well make a snowman. （从句）When I was young, I could swim well. （从句）His explanation was difficult to understand. （不定式）Coming out of the room, he found a man hiding in the garden.Wounded, the brave soldier continued to fight.2、专题详解Sentence Structure 句子成分同位语一个名词或其它形式，跟在另一个名词或代词后并对其进行解释、说明或限定，这个名词或其它形式就是

15、同位语。同位语通常放在其说明的名词（代词）之后。同位关系紧密时不用逗点隔开;同位语只作补充解释时可用逗点隔开。同位语常由名词、代词、数词、从句等担任。名词、代词、数词、从句of 短语用作同位语非谓语（不定式）非谓语（动名词）We have two foreign teachers, an English and a Frenchman.（名词）You each have a chance to go to college. （代词）He is the oldest among them four. The news that were having a holiday tomorrow is

16、true. （从句）The city of Rome罗马城the art of writing写作艺术Their latest proposal, to concentrate on primary education, has met with some opposition.The first plan, attacking at night, was turned down. Yesterday I met Tom, a friend of my brothers. （补充解释）Mr.Johnson cares for us students very much.（关系密切）练习练习1

17、指出下列句中主语的中心词 The teacher with two of his students is walking into the classroom. There is an old man coming here. The useful dictionary was given by my mother last year. To do todays homework without the teachers help is very difficult. (一) teacher man dictionary To do 练习2 选出句中谓语的中心词 I dont like the

18、 picture on the wall. A. dont B. like C. picture D. wall The days get longer and longer when summer comes. A. get B. longer C. days D. summer Do you usually go to school by bus? A. Do B. usually C. go D. bus There will be a meeting at the library this afternoon. A. will be B. meeting C. the library

19、D. afternoon Did the twins have porridge for their breakfast? A. Did B. twins C. have D. breakfast Tom didnt do his homework yesterday. A. Tom B. didnt C. do D. his homework What I want to tell you is this. A. want B. to tell C. you D. is We had better send for a doctor. A. We B. had C. send D. doct

20、or He is interested in music. A. is B. interested C. in D. music Whom did you give my book to? A. give B. did C. whom D. book (二) B A C A C C D C A A 练习3挑出下列句中的表语 The old man was feeling very tired. Why is he worried about Jim? The leaves have turned yellow. Soon They all became interested in the su

21、bject. She was the first to learn about it. tiredworried yellowinterested the first 练习4挑出下列句中的定语 They use Mr. Mrs. with the family name. What is your given name? On the third lap are Class 1 and Class 3. I am afraid some people forgot to sweep the floor. The man downstairs was trying to sleep. I am

22、waiting for the sound of the other shoe! with the family namegiven thirdafraid downstairs of theother shoe练习5挑出下列句中的宾语 My brother hasnt done his homework. People all over the world speak English. You must pay good attention to your pronunciation. How many new words did you learn last class? Some of

23、the students in the school want to go swimming, how about you? The old man sitting at the gate said he was ill. They made him monitor of the class. Go across the bridge and you will find the museum on the left. You will find it useful after you leave school. They didnt know who Father Christmas real

24、ly is. She always thinks of how she can improve her spoken English.Alisa is sorry for what she said. 1his homeworkEnglishgood attention, your pronunciationnew words to go he was illhim the bridge; the museum itwho Father Christmas really is.how she can improve her spoken English what she said练习6 挑出下

25、列句中的宾语补足语 She likes the children to read newspapers and books in the reading-room. He asked her to take the boy out of school. She found it difficult to do the work. They call me Lily sometimes. I saw Mr. Wang get on the bus. 6 Did you see Li Ming playing football on the playground just now? to read

26、to take difficultLily get on playing 练习7 挑出下列句中的状语1There was a big smile on her face. 2Every night he heard the noise upstairs. He began to learn English when he was eleven. The man on the motorbike was travelling too fast. With the medicine box under her arm, Miss Li hurried off. She loves the libr

27、ary because she loves books. 7I am afraid that if youve lost it, you must pay for it. 8The students followed Uncle Wang to see the other machine. 1On her faceevery night when he was eleventoo fastWith the medicine box under her armbecause she loves booksif youve lost it,to see the other machine练习8 划

28、出句中的直接宾语和间接宾语 Please tell us a story. My father bought a new bike for me last week. Mr. Li is going to teach us history next term. Here is a pen. Give it to Tom. Did he leave any message for me?He told us once again that the situation was serious. (八) us, 间接宾语 a story, 直接宾语 me, 间接宾语 a new bike, 直接宾语

29、 us, 间接宾语 history, 直接宾语 Tom, 间接宾语 it, 直接宾语 me, 间接宾语 message, 直接宾语us间接宾语；that the situation was serious 直接宾语练习9指出下列句子划线部分是什么句子成分：1. The students got on the school bus.2. He handed me the newspaper.3. I shall answer your question after class.4. What a beautiful Chinese painting!5. They went hunting to

30、getherearly in the morning.6. His job is to train swimmers.7. He took many photos of the palacesin Beijing.8. There is going to be an American film tonight.9. He is to leave for Shanghai tomorrow.10. His wish is to become a scientist.11. He managedto finish the work in time.12. Tom came to ask me for advice.13. I have no idea when he was born. 14. I dont know the time when he was born.1、主语，定语；2、间接宾语；3、谓语，状语；4、定语；5、状语，状语；6、定语，表