1、英语六级阅读理解100篇2015年英语六级阅读理解100篇Can the Computer Learn from Experience计算机会总结经验吗Computers have been taught to play not only checkers, but also championship chess, which is a fairly accurate yardstick for measuring the computers progress in the ability to learn from experience.Because the game requires l
2、ogical reasoning, chess would seem to be perfectly suited to the computer .all a programmer has to do is give the computer a program evaluating the consequences of every possible response to every possible move, and the computer will win every time. In theory this is a sensible approach; in practice
3、 it is impossible. Today, a powerful computer can analyze 40 000 moves a second. That is an impressive speed. But there are an astronomical number of possible moves in chessliterally trillions. Even if such a program were written (and in theory it could be ,given enough people and enough time), ther
4、e is no computer capable of holding that much data.Therefore, if the computer is to compete at championship levels, it must be programmed to function with less than complete data. It must be able to learn from experience, to modify its own programm, to deal with a relatively unstructured situationin
5、 a word, to “think” for itself . In fact, this can be done. Chess-playing computers have yet to defeat world champion chess players, but several have beaten human players of only slightly lower ranks. The computers have had programs to carry them through the early, mechanical stages of their chess g
6、ames. But they have gone on from there to reason and learn, and sometimes to win the game.There are other proofs that computers can be programmed to learn, but this example is sufficient to demonstrate the point. Granted , winning a game of chess is not an earthshaking event even when a computer doe
7、s it . But there are many serious human problems which ban be fruitfully approached as games. The Defense Department uses computers to play war games and work out strategies for dealing with international tensions. Other problemsinternational and interpersonal relations , ecology and economics , and
8、 the ever-increasing threat of world faminecan perhaps be solved by the joint efforts of human beings and truly intelligent computers .Notescheck:a game played on a checkerboard by two players ,each using 12 piecesecology:the relationship between organisms and their environment 生态关系,生态学Reading compr
9、ehensionThe purpose of creating chess-playing computers is _A to win the world chess championB to pave the way for further intelligent computersC to work out strategies for international warsD to find an accurate yardstick for measuring computer progress2 Today , a chess-playing computer can be prog
10、rammed to _A give trillions of reponses in a second to each possible move and win the gameB function with complete data and beat the best playersC learn from chess-playing in the early stage and go on to win the gameD evaluate every possible move but may fail to give the right response each time3 Fo
11、r a computer to “think” , it is necessary to _A mange to process as much data as possible in a secondB program it so that it can learn from its experiencesC prepare it for chess-playing firstD enable it to deal with unstructured situations4 The authors attitude towards the Defense Department is_A cr
12、itical B unconcerned C positive D negative 5 In the authors opinion,_A winning a chess game is an unimportant eventB serious human problems shouldnt be regarded as playing a gameC ecological problems are more urgent to be solvedD there is hope for more intelligent computers1 b 2 c 3 b 4 c 5 dYou Cal
13、l This a Good Economy这能称之为上佳经验You have to have lived in the 1950s and 1960s to have experienced a good economy. In the period between 1950 and 1970 it was the rulerather than the exceptionthat an ordinary family, without higher education, could sustain itself decently on the income of a single bread
14、winner(养家糊口的人). In 1955, when I was 19 and living in Brooklyn, N. Y., my father, who had a sixth-grade education, maintained our family of five on a wage of $82 a week as a bookbinder. My mother taught us fairness and compassion; my father, discipline and enterprise.The U. S. economy in those years
15、was good. Then where did this good economy go? It was inflated away. The price of gold, which I take as proxy for the prices of all goods, was $35 an ounce in those years. It is at roughly ten times that price today.There is another answer, though: inflation caused the entire work force to be moved
16、into higher tax groups, thus reducing after-tax purchasing power. That is, my fathers bindery job in1954 paid $82 a week, with $80 after deductions; today, at $ 820 per week the net would be $662.To ordinary people, the economy doesnt look very good at all. After-tax incomes continue to decrease in
17、purchasing power. The jobs offered in the employment ads pay only a little more than the minimum wage, maybe $5 an hour, which, after payroll deductions, yields $4 an hour. Compare that with minimum-wage jobs of the early 1950s, when 75 cents was worth todays $7.50 before and after taxes.Notes1 Broo
18、klyn: a district of New York city2 inflate:通货膨胀3 proxy: the authority to act for another4 payroll: a list of employees and the wages due to eachReading ComprehensionIn the authors opinion, a good economy, to ordinary people can be expressed in terms of _the amount of wageafter-tax incomethe actual p
19、urchasing powerthe minimum wage per hourIn the period between 1950 and 1970,_there was not much difference in the living standards between people of higher and lower educationan ordinary family of five without exception could live on one person incomethe income of an ordinary family was more than en
20、ough for buying foodfor an average family the income was sufficient to support all the membersToday a bookbinders wage is ten times that of the 1950s but its income tax rate has increased _a.50 times b.60times c. 70 times d. 80 times4 The worsening of a bookbinders livelihood results from _a. his lo
21、w education and the amount of wageb. the high-taxation and the income deductionsc. the high taxation and cost of livingd. thelow wage and higher prices5 The passage implies that while the cost of living is getting higher_a. the value of labor actually is shrinkingb. the minimum wage level is increas
22、ing likewisec. the income tax rate is rising alongd. the employment ads naturally offer a higher minimum wage6 The authors tone in writing the article is_a. ironical b. subjective c. high-sounding d. convincing7 the article aims to _.a. help control the rapidly increasing pricesb. give some advice t
23、o the policy-makersc.impress the younger generation with some basic factsd.call upon the societys attention against inflation1 c 2 b 3 d 4 c 5 a 6 d 7 cAre Experts Always Right专家总是对的吗The world has become so complicated that weve lost confidence in our ability to understand and deal with it. But comm
24、on sense is useful now as it ever was. No amount of expertise substitutes for an intimate knowledge of a person or a situation. At times you just have to trust your own judgement.It almost cost me my life to learn that. I was reading a book one day, idly scratching the back of my head, when I notice
25、d that, in one particular spot, the scratching echoed inside my head like fingernails on an empty cardboard carton, I rushed off to my doctor.“Got a hole in your head, have you?” he teased. “Its nothingjust one of those little scalp nerves sounding off.”Two years and four doctors later, I was still
26、being told it was nothing. To the fifth doctor. I said, almost in desperation,”But I live in tis body. I know somethings different.”“If you wont take my word for it,Ill take an X-ray and prove it to you,” he said.Well, there it was, of course, the tumor that had made a hole as big as an eye socket i
27、n the back of my skull. After the operation, a young resident paused by my bed. ”Its a good thing youre so smart,” he said.” Most patient die of these tumors because we dont know theyre there until it is too late.”Im really not so smart. And Im too docile in the face of authority. I should have been
28、 more aggressive with those first four doctors. Its hard to question opinions delivered with absolute certainty.Experts always sound so sure. Nevile Chamberlain, the British prime minister, was positive, just before the start of World War II, that there would be “peace for our time.” Producer Irving
29、 Thalberg did not hesitate to advise Louis B. Mayer against buying the rights to Gone With the Wind because “no Civil War picture ever made a nickel.” Even Abraham Lincoln surely believed it when he said in his Gettysburg Address:” The world will little note, nor long remember, what we say here”We s
30、hould not, therefore, be intimidated by experts. When its an area we really know aboutour bodies, our families, our houseslets listen to what the experts say, then make up our own minds.Notescardboard carton:a box or container made of a stiff pasteboard of paperscalp: the skin covering the headtumor
31、:肿瘤eye socket: the opening or cavity in which the eye fitsdocile: easily managed or taughtreading comprehension“It” in “deal with it”(para.1) refers to _a. confidence b. the world c. ability d. complication2. “Expertise” in para.1 means_a. common sense b. expert skill or knowledge c. unusual ability
32、 to appreciated. personal experience3. We have to trust our own judgement since _a. not all of us have acquired reliable expertiseb. experts often lose their common sensec. experts may sometimes fail to give good adviced. intimate knowledge of a person is not to be substituted for by expertise4 “That” in “it almost cost me my life to learn tha
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