英语六级阅读理解100篇.docx

英语六级阅读理解100篇.docx

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英语六级阅读理解100篇

2015年英语六级阅读理解100篇

CantheComputerLearnfromExperience

计算机会总结经验吗

Computershavebeentaughttoplaynotonlycheckers,butalsochampionshipchess,whichisafairlyaccurateyardstickformeasuringthecomputer’sprogressintheabilitytolearnfromexperience.

Becausethegamerequireslogicalreasoning,chesswouldseemtobeperfectlysuitedtothecomputer.allaprogrammerhastodoisgivethecomputeraprogramevaluatingtheconsequencesofeverypossibleresponsetoeverypossiblemove,andthecomputerwillwineverytime.Intheorythisisasensibleapproach;inpracticeitisimpossible.Today,apowerfulcomputercananalyze40000movesasecond.Thatisanimpressivespeed.Butthereareanastronomicalnumberofpossiblemovesinchess—literallytrillions.Evenifsuchaprogramwerewritten（andintheoryitcouldbe,givenenoughpeopleandenoughtime）,thereisnocomputercapableofholdingthatmuchdata.

Therefore,ifthecomputeristocompeteatchampionshiplevels,itmustbeprogrammedtofunctionwithlessthancompletedata.Itmustbeabletolearnfromexperience,tomodifyitsownprogramm,todealwitharelativelyunstructuredsituation—inaword,to“think”foritself.Infact,thiscanbedone.Chess-playingcomputershaveyettodefeatworldchampionchessplayers,butseveralhavebeatenhumanplayersofonlyslightlylowerranks.Thecomputershavehadprogramstocarrythemthroughtheearly,mechanicalstagesoftheirchessgames.Buttheyhavegoneonfromtheretoreasonandlearn,andsometimestowinthegame.

Thereareotherproofsthatcomputerscanbeprogrammedtolearn,butthisexampleissufficienttodemonstratethepoint.Granted,winningagameofchessisnotanearthshakingeventevenwhenacomputerdoesit.Buttherearemanyserioushumanproblemswhichbanbefruitfullyapproachedasgames.TheDefenseDepartmentusescomputerstoplaywargamesandworkoutstrategiesfordealingwithinternationaltensions.Otherproblems—internationalandinterpersonalrelations,ecologyandeconomics,andtheever-increasingthreatofworldfamine—canperhapsbesolvedbythejointeffortsofhumanbeingsandtrulyintelligentcomputers.

Notes

check:

agameplayedonacheckerboardbytwoplayers,eachusing12pieces

ecology:

therelationshipbetweenorganismsandtheirenvironment生态关系，生态学

Readingcomprehension

Thepurposeofcreatingchess-playingcomputersis__________

Atowintheworldchesschampion

Btopavethewayforfurtherintelligentcomputers

Ctoworkoutstrategiesforinternationalwars

Dtofindanaccurateyardstickformeasuringcomputerprogress

2Today,achess-playingcomputercanbeprogrammedto________

Agivetrillionsofreponsesinasecondtoeachpossiblemoveandwinthegame

Bfunctionwithcompletedataandbeatthebestplayers

Clearnfromchess-playingintheearlystageandgoontowinthegame

Devaluateeverypossiblemovebutmayfailtogivetherightresponseeachtime

3Foracomputerto“think”,itisnecessaryto________

Amangetoprocessasmuchdataaspossibleinasecond

Bprogramitsothatitcanlearnfromitsexperiences

Cprepareitforchess-playingfirst

Denableittodealwithunstructuredsituations

4Theauthor’sattitudetowardstheDefenseDepartmentis____

AcriticalBunconcernedCpositiveDnegative

5Intheauthor’sopinion,______

Awinningachessgameisanunimportantevent

Bserioushumanproblemsshouldn’tberegardedasplayingagame

Cecologicalproblemsaremoreurgenttobesolved

Dthereishopeformoreintelligentcomputers

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　　　　　　　　　　　　　YouCallThisaGoodEconomy

　　　　　　　　　　　　　　这能称之为上佳经验

Youhavetohavelivedinthe1950sand1960stohaveexperiencedagoodeconomy.Intheperiodbetween1950and1970itwastherule—ratherthantheexception—thatanordinaryfamily,withouthighereducation,couldsustainitselfdecentlyontheincomeofasinglebreadwinner（养家糊口的人）.In1955,whenIwas19andlivinginBrooklyn,N.Y.,myfather,whohadasixth-gradeeducation,maintainedourfamilyoffiveonawageof$82aweekasabookbinder.Mymothertaughtusfairnessandcompassion;myfather,disciplineandenterprise.

TheU.S.economyinthoseyearswasgood.Thenwheredidthisgoodeconomygo?

Itwasinflatedaway.Thepriceofgold,whichItakeasproxyforthepricesofallgoods,was$35anounceinthoseyears.Itisatroughlytentimesthatpricetoday.

Thereisanotheranswer,though:

inflationcausedtheentireworkforcetobemovedintohighertaxgroups,thusreducingafter-taxpurchasingpower.Thatis,myfather’sbinderyjobin1954paid$82aweek,with$80afterdeductions;today,at$820perweekthenetwouldbe$662.

Toordinarypeople,theeconomydoesn’tlookverygoodatall.After-taxincomescontinuetodecreaseinpurchasingpower.Thejobsofferedintheemploymentadspayonlyalittlemorethantheminimumwage,maybe$5anhour,which,afterpayrolldeductions,yields$4anhour.Comparethatwithminimum-wagejobsoftheearly1950s,when75centswasworthtoday’s$7.50beforeandaftertaxes.

Notes

1Brooklyn:

adistrictofNewYorkcity

2inflate:

通货膨胀

3proxy:

theauthoritytoactforanother

4payroll:

alistofemployeesandthewagesduetoeach

ReadingComprehension

Intheauthor’sopinion,agoodeconomy,toordinarypeoplecanbeexpressedintermsof______

theamountofwage

after-taxincome

theactualpurchasingpower

theminimumwageperhour

Intheperiodbetween1950and1970,_______

therewasnotmuchdifferenceinthelivingstandardsbetweenpeopleofhigherandlowereducation

anordinaryfamilyoffivewithoutexceptioncouldliveononepersonincome

theincomeofanordinaryfamilywasmorethanenoughforbuyingfood

foranaveragefamilytheincomewassufficienttosupportallthemembers

Todayabookbinder’swageistentimesthatofthe1950’sbutitsincometaxratehasincreased______

a.50timesb.60timesc.70timesd.80times

4Theworseningofabookbinder’slivelihoodresultsfrom_____

a.hisloweducationandtheamountofwage

b.thehigh-taxationandtheincomedeductions

c.thehightaxationandcostofliving

d.thelowwageandhigherprices

5Thepassageimpliesthatwhilethecostoflivingisgettinghigher______

a.thevalueoflaboractuallyisshrinking

b.theminimumwagelevelisincreasinglikewise

c.theincometaxrateisrisingalong

d.theemploymentadsnaturallyofferahigherminimumwage

6Theauthor’stoneinwritingthearticleis_____

a.ironicalb.subjectivec.high-soundingd.convincing

7thearticleaimsto_________.

a.helpcontroltherapidlyincreasingprices

b.givesomeadvicetothepolicy-makers

c.impresstheyoungergenerationwithsomebasicfacts

d.calluponthesocietysattentionagainstinflation

1c2b3d4c5a6d7c

AreExpertsAlwaysRight

专家总是对的吗

Theworldhasbecomesocomplicatedthatwe’velostconfidenceinourabilitytounderstandanddealwithit.Butcommonsenseisusefulnowasiteverwas.Noamountofexpertisesubstitutesforanintimateknowledgeofapersonorasituation.Attimesyoujusthavetotrustyourownjudgement.

Italmostcostmemylifetolearnthat.Iwasreadingabookoneday,idlyscratchingthebackofmyhead,whenInoticedthat,inoneparticularspot,thescratchingechoedinsidemyheadlikefingernailsonanemptycardboardcarton,Irushedofftomydoctor.

“Gotaholeinyourhead,haveyou?

”heteased.“It’snothing—justoneofthoselittlescalpnervessoundingoff.”

Twoyearsandfourdoctorslater,Iwasstillbeingtolditwasnothing.Tothefifthdoctor.Isaid,almostindesperation,”ButIliveintisbody.Iknowsomething’sdifferent.”

“Ifyouwon’ttakemywordforit,I’lltakeanX-rayandproveittoyou,”hesaid.

Well,thereitwas,ofcourse,thetumorthathadmadeaholeasbigasaneyesocketinthebackofmyskull.Aftertheoperation,ayoungresidentpausedbymybed.”It’sagoodthingyou’resosmart,”hesaid.”Mostpatientdieofthesetumorsbecausewedon’tknowthey’rethereuntilitistoolate.”

I’mreallynotsosmart.AndI’mtoodocileinthefaceofauthority.Ishouldhavebeenmoreaggressivewiththosefirstfourdoctors.It’shardtoquestionopinionsdeliveredwithabsolutecertainty.

Expertsalwayssoundsosure.NevileChamberlain,theBritishprimeminister,waspositive,justbeforethestartofWorldWarII,thattherewouldbe“peaceforourtime.”ProducerIrvingThalbergdidnothesitatetoadviseLouisB.MayeragainstbuyingtherightstoGoneWiththeWindbecause“noCivilWarpictureevermadeanickel.”EvenAbrahamLincolnsurelybelieveditwhenhesaidinhisGettysburgAddress:

”Theworldwilllittlenote,norlongremember,whatwesayhere…”

Weshouldnot,therefore,beintimidatedbyexperts.Whenit’sanareawereallyknowabout—ourbodies,ourfamilies,ourhouses—let’slistentowhattheexpertssay,thenmakeupourownminds.

Notes

cardboardcarton:

aboxorcontainermadeofastiffpasteboardofpaper

scalp:

theskincoveringthehead

tumor:

肿瘤

eyesocket:

theopeningorcavityinwhichtheeyefits

docile:

easilymanagedortaught

readingcomprehension

“It”in“…dealwithit”（para.1）refersto______

a.confidenceb.theworldc.abilityd.complication

2.“Expertise”inpara.1means______

a.commonsenseb.expertskillorknowledgec.unusualabilitytoappreciate

d.personalexperience

3.Wehavetotrustourownjudgementsince____

a.notallofushaveacquiredreliableexpertise

b.expertsoftenlosetheircommonsense

c.expertsmaysometimesfailtogivegoodadvice

d.intimateknowledgeofapersonisnottobesubstitutedforbyexpertise

4“That”in“italmostcostmemylifetolearntha