研究生写作讲义.docx

1、研究生写作讲义09级 第 一 学 期 写 作 课 讲 义选自研究生英语写作教程李争鸣编著 北京师范大学出版社1+2x6 以下主题句 Latin influences on American culture are reflected in the following three aspects. 以下一级扩展句 First of all, the Spanish influence on the English language in the U.S. began with the early explorers and continues even today. 以下二级扩展句 For ex

2、ample, Spanish place names from the Rio Grande (in Texas) to San Francisco (in California) are all part of the heritage of the early Spanish settlers. 以下一级扩展句 Latin Americans have also added to the variety of the American diet. 以下二级扩展句 From the gourmet-style churrasco (marinated tenderloin of beef)

3、to the everyday taco, Latin food has become an integral part of American dining habits. 以下一级扩展句 Finally, American music, too, has become more diverse as a result of the Latino sound. 以下二级扩展句 The Salsa beat has had a startling effect on popular music, just as the rhythms of the tango and the cha-cha-

4、cha have become a part of the repertoire of dance bands throughout the country. Instruments, such as the congas and the timbale, also have their origins in Latin countries. 以下结论句 In summary, the language, the food, and the music are what Latin Americans have given to the United States. 1. 引言段 以下概述句

5、We are all aware that American culture is, in fact, a combination of the contributions of all of those who have settled within its borders. From the founding of the country to the present day, immigrants have brought with them the traditions of their native lands, many of which have been interwoven

6、into the cultural patterns of their new homeland. Immigrants from Latin America, who currently comprise approximately 8 percent of the total population, are no exception to this rule. 以下篇题句 Latin influences on American culture are reflected in the words we speak, the foods we consume, and the music

7、we enjoy.2. 正文段 以下主题句 The Spanish influence on the English language in the U.S. began with the early explorers and continues even today. Spanish place names, from the Rio Grande (in Texas) to San Francisco (in California), characterize the southwestern part of the country. Los Angeles, Santa Fe, the

8、 Colorado River, and the Mojave desert are all part of the heritage of the early Spanish settlers. Other Spanish words such as adios, amigo, rodeo, and adobe, have actually become part of the English language. More recently, a blend of English and Spanish known as Spanglish, producing expressions li

9、ke ir al movies (to go to the movies), has developed, particularly in Texas, California, and south Florida, which have a high concentration of Latino residents.3. 正文段 以下主题句 Latin Americans have also added to the variety of the American diet. From the gourmet-style churrasco (marinated tenderloin of

10、beef) to the everyday taco, Latin food has become an integral part of American dining habits. Foods ranging from black beans and rice in a Cuban restaurant to frozen burritos, tropical papayas, and jalapeno peppers on supermarket shelves are evidence of the Latin influences on the American diet. It

11、is not surprising, therefore, that over $1 billion per year is spent on Mexican food in the United States.4. 正文段 以下主题句 American music, too, has become more diverse as a result of the Latino sound. The Salsa beat has had a startling effect on popular music, just as the rhythms of the tango and the ch

12、a-cha-cha have become a part of the repertoire of dance bands throughout the country. Instruments, such as the congas and the timbale, also have their origins in Latin countries. Mariachi bands, Brazilian jazz, and the new Miami Sound are further examples of the strong influences of Hispanic musical

13、 traditions on American culture.5. 结论段 以下总结 In summary, the language, the food, and the music, although a small part, are what Latin Americans have given to the United States. 以下最后陈述 In the final analysis, the essence of their contributions to American culture is a sensibilidad (a unique sense of st

14、yle), which promoted Time magazine to report, “This sensibilidad is changing the way America looks, the way it eats, dresses, drinks, dances, the way it lives.” ParagraphPart One: The Topic SentenceA topic sentence is the sentence that states the subject that the paragraph will develop. A good topic

15、 sentence has the following features:1) It is a complete sentence; that is, it should contain a subject and a verb.2) It is usually a statement, not a question.3) It is the most general statement in the paragraph. It does not give any specific details.4) It has two parts: the topic and the controlli

16、ng idea. The topic refers to the subject of the paragraph, and the controlling idea is a word or phrase that the reader can ask questions about: How? Why? In what ways? What does that mean? etc. A. Disneyland has (several unique attractions).The question a reader can ask is ?B. Listed below are (a n

17、umber of tips) on how to get along with people.The question a reader can ask is ? C. Boys and girls have (different) dreams.The question a reader can ask is ?Exercise 3-2-2. Read each sentence below. Underline the topic and enclose the controlling idea in parentheses. 1. A homestay helps foreign stu

18、dents know more about American customs.2. First impressions can be misleading.3. Being a twin has both advantages and disadvantages.4. Its difficult for a Chinese student to study abroad.5. There are two factors which determine an individuals wisdom.Exercise 3-2-8. Rewrite the topic sentence:A phone

19、 call offers more advantages over a business letter. The first advantage of a phone call is speed, of course, because you can ordinarily be speaking with the other person within minutes of placing the calling. Another advantage is the fact that you can exchange information, clear up questions, and o

20、ften reach an understanding on the basis of a single ten-minute phone call. In contrast, a letter gives you an opportunity to set forth (阐明) your views in a much more careful, detailed way. Furthermore, the other party has an opportunity to reread and think carefully about what you have said. The ot

21、her person can also seek the advice of associates (有关人员) and, if necessary, check other documents thoroughly. Finally, a written message can always be taken from the files and consulted (查阅) if any question arises about exactly what was said.Exercise 3-2-9. Read the following paragraphs, and then wr

22、ite an appropriate topic sentence for each one. Paragraph one._. Some students stay up the night before, trying to cram into their brains what they avoided all semester. Others pace themselves, spending a little time each night going over the notes they took in class that day. Still others cross the

23、ir fingers (祈盼、祷告) and hope they absorbed enough from lectures. Some dishonest students always pray that their classmates will give them the answers during the exams.Paragraph two. _. In college, for example, we use writing to communicate with our instructors and other students in a variety of class

24、es, no matter what our majors are. Exams in many courses also require essays. On the job, we need to write to communicate with our employers, fellow workers, and customers. In fact, a major requirement for getting any good job is the ability to write effective letters, memos, reports, and summaries.

25、 A glance through the want ads shows that “good communication skills” are essential to high-paying jobs.Paragraph three._. First, some books on job hunting and business communication can tell him what to include on a resume and how to present the information on the page. Moreover, word processing pr

26、ograms frequently offer patterns for resumes that are easy to read and understand. Finally, copy centers offer professional-looking printing at low costincluding special paper that will make a resume stand out in the pile of applications an employer receives.Paragraph four._. In a host family, the s

27、tudent is able to learn about a different way of life by experiencing it with people who are from the culture and who can help explain it. Additionally, the student has the advantage of being surrounded by a group of people who can provide emotional support when he is feeling homesick and lonely. Th

28、is is especially true when the family has children who are the same age as the international student. Finally, although not all homestay experiences are pleasant ones, the international student who lives with a host family will be able to practice the target language far more than one who lives with

29、 friends from the same country. Paragraph five. _. Instead of cooking a simple, nourishing meal, we pop a frozen dinner into the oven. Worse still, instead of studying a daily newspaper, we are content with the capsule (概述) summaries on the network news. Worst of all, instead of walking even a few b

30、locks to the local convenience store, we jump into our car.Exercise 3-2-10. Write a topic sentence based on the general topic Our Universitya) to describe the courses : _b) to compare it with another university: _c) to suggest improvements: _Part Two: Supporting SentencesThere are many ways for stud

31、ents to spend their summer vacations. First, they can find a part-time job in the holiday. Teaching a child and working for a company are both good choices for college students. Working in the holiday, they can not only earn some money, but also get more experience that they cant get on campus. Second, they can travel during the summer holiday. Some classmates can travel together to a city which is di