研究生写作讲义.docx

研究生写作讲义.docx

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研究生写作讲义

09级第一学期写作课讲义

选自《研究生英语写作教程》李争鸣编著北京师范大学出版社

1+2x6

[以下主题句]LatininfluencesonAmericanculturearereflectedinthefollowingthreeaspects.[以下一级扩展句]Firstofall,theSpanishinfluenceontheEnglishlanguageintheU.S.beganwiththeearlyexplorersandcontinueseventoday.[以下二级扩展句]Forexample,SpanishplacenamesfromtheRioGrande（inTexas）toSanFrancisco（inCalifornia）areallpartoftheheritageoftheearlySpanishsettlers.[以下一级扩展句]LatinAmericanshavealsoaddedtothevarietyoftheAmericandiet.[以下二级扩展句]Fromthegourmet-stylechurrasco（marinatedtenderloinofbeef）totheeverydaytaco,LatinfoodhasbecomeanintegralpartofAmericandininghabits.[以下一级扩展句]Finally,Americanmusic,too,hasbecomemorediverseasaresultoftheLatinosound.[以下二级扩展句]TheSalsabeathashadastartlingeffectonpopularmusic,justastherhythmsofthetangoandthecha-cha-chahavebecomeapartoftherepertoireofdancebandsthroughoutthecountry.Instruments,suchasthecongasandthetimbale,alsohavetheiroriginsinLatincountries.[以下结论句]Insummary,thelanguage,thefood,andthemusicarewhatLatinAmericanshavegiventotheUnitedStates.

[1.引言段][以下概述句]WeareallawarethatAmericancultureis,infact,acombinationofthecontributionsofallofthosewhohavesettledwithinitsborders.Fromthefoundingofthecountrytothepresentday,immigrantshavebroughtwiththemthetraditionsoftheirnativelands,manyofwhichhavebeeninterwovenintotheculturalpatternsoftheirnewhomeland.ImmigrantsfromLatinAmerica,whocurrentlycompriseapproximately8percentofthetotalpopulation,arenoexceptiontothisrule.[以下篇题句]LatininfluencesonAmericanculturearereflectedinthewordswespeak,thefoodsweconsume,andthemusicweenjoy.

[2.正文段][以下主题句]TheSpanishinfluenceontheEnglishlanguageintheU.S.beganwiththeearlyexplorersandcontinueseventoday.Spanishplacenames,fromtheRioGrande（inTexas）toSanFrancisco（inCalifornia）,characterizethesouthwesternpartofthecountry.LosAngeles,SantaFe,theColoradoRiver,andtheMojavedesertareallpartoftheheritageoftheearlySpanishsettlers.OtherSpanishwordssuchasadios,amigo,rodeo,andadobe,haveactuallybecomepartoftheEnglishlanguage.Morerecently,ablendofEnglishandSpanishknownasSpanglish,producingexpressionslikeiralmovies（togotothemovies）,hasdeveloped,particularlyinTexas,California,andsouthFlorida,whichhaveahighconcentrationofLatinoresidents.

[3.正文段][以下主题句]LatinAmericanshavealsoaddedtothevarietyoftheAmericandiet.Fromthegourmet-stylechurrasco（marinatedtenderloinofbeef）totheeverydaytaco,LatinfoodhasbecomeanintegralpartofAmericandininghabits.FoodsrangingfromblackbeansandriceinaCubanrestauranttofrozenburritos,tropicalpapayas,andjalapenopeppersonsupermarketshelvesareevidenceoftheLatininfluencesontheAmericandiet.Itisnotsurprising,therefore,thatover$1billionperyearisspentonMexicanfoodintheUnitedStates.

[4.正文段][以下主题句]Americanmusic,too,hasbecomemorediverseasaresultoftheLatinosound.TheSalsabeathashadastartlingeffectonpopularmusic,justastherhythmsofthetangoandthecha-cha-chahavebecomeapartoftherepertoireofdancebandsthroughoutthecountry.Instruments,suchasthecongasandthetimbale,alsohavetheiroriginsinLatincountries.Mariachibands,Brazilianjazz,andthenewMiamiSoundarefurtherexamplesofthestronginfluencesofHispanicmusicaltraditionsonAmericanculture.

[5.结论段][以下总结]Insummary,thelanguage,thefood,andthemusic,althoughasmallpart,arewhatLatinAmericanshavegiventotheUnitedStates.[以下最后陈述]Inthefinalanalysis,theessenceoftheircontributionstoAmericancultureisasensibilidad（auniquesenseofstyle）,whichpromotedTimemagazinetoreport,“This‘sensibilidad’ischangingthewayAmericalooks,thewayiteats,dresses,drinks,dances,thewayitlives.”

Paragraph

PartOne:

TheTopicSentence

Atopicsentenceisthesentencethatstatesthesubjectthattheparagraphwilldevelop.Agoodtopicsentencehasthefollowingfeatures:

1）Itisacompletesentence;thatis,itshouldcontainasubjectandaverb.

2）Itisusuallyastatement,notaquestion.

3）Itisthemostgeneralstatementintheparagraph.Itdoesnotgiveanyspecificdetails.

4）Ithastwoparts:

thetopicandthecontrollingidea.Thetopicreferstothesubjectoftheparagraph,andthecontrollingideaisawordorphrasethatthereadercanaskquestionsabout:

How?

Why?

Inwhatways?

Whatdoesthatmean?

etc.

A.Disneylandhas（severaluniqueattractions）.

Thequestionareadercanaskis"?

"

B.Listedbeloware（anumberoftips）onhowtogetalongwithpeople.

Thequestionareadercanaskis"?

"

C.Boysandgirlshave（different）dreams.

Thequestionareadercanaskis"?

"

Exercise3-2-2.Readeachsentencebelow.Underlinethetopicandenclosethecontrollingideainparentheses.

1.AhomestayhelpsforeignstudentsknowmoreaboutAmericancustoms.

2.Firstimpressionscanbemisleading.

3.Beingatwinhasbothadvantagesanddisadvantages.

4.It’sdifficultforaChinesestudenttostudyabroad.

5.Therearetwofactorswhichdetermineanindividual’swisdom.

Exercise3-2-8.Rewritethetopicsentence:

Aphonecalloffersmoreadvantagesoverabusinessletter.Thefirstadvantageofaphonecallisspeed,ofcourse,becauseyoucanordinarilybespeakingwiththeotherpersonwithinminutesofplacingthecalling.Anotheradvantageisthefactthatyoucanexchangeinformation,clearupquestions,andoftenreachanunderstandingonthebasisofasingleten-minutephonecall.Incontrast,alettergivesyouanopportunitytosetforth（阐明）yourviewsinamuchmorecareful,detailedway.Furthermore,theotherpartyhasanopportunitytorereadandthinkcarefullyaboutwhatyouhavesaid.Theotherpersoncanalsoseektheadviceofassociates（有关人员）and,ifnecessary,checkotherdocumentsthoroughly.Finally,awrittenmessagecanalwaysbetakenfromthefilesandconsulted（查阅）ifanyquestionarisesaboutexactlywhatwassaid.

Exercise3-2-9.Readthefollowingparagraphs,andthenwriteanappropriatetopicsentenceforeachone.

Paragraphone.

_______________________________________________________________.Somestudentsstayupthenightbefore,tryingtocramintotheirbrainswhattheyavoidedallsemester.Otherspacethemselves,spendingalittletimeeachnightgoingoverthenotestheytookinclassthatday.Stillotherscrosstheirfingers（祈盼、祷告）andhopetheyabsorbedenoughfromlectures.Somedishoneststudentsalwayspraythattheirclassmateswillgivethemtheanswersduringtheexams.

Paragraphtwo.

____________________________________________________________________.Incollege,forexample,weusewritingtocommunicatewithourinstructorsandotherstudentsinavarietyofclasses,nomatterwhatourmajorsare.Examsinmanycoursesalsorequireessays.Onthejob,weneedtowritetocommunicatewithouremployers,fellowworkers,andcustomers.Infact,amajorrequirementforgettinganygoodjobistheabilitytowriteeffectiveletters,memos,reports,andsummaries.Aglancethroughthewantadsshowsthat“goodcommunicationskills”areessentialtohigh-payingjobs.

Paragraphthree.

_____________________________________________________.First,somebooksonjobhuntingandbusinesscommunicationcantellhimwhattoincludeonaresumeandhowtopresenttheinformationonthepage.Moreover,wordprocessingprogramsfrequentlyofferpatternsforresumesthatareeasytoreadandunderstand.Finally,copycentersofferprofessional-lookingprintingatlowcost－includingspecialpaperthatwillmakearesumestandoutinthepileofapplicationsanemployerreceives.

Paragraphfour.

____________________________________________.Inahostfamily,thestudentisabletolearnaboutadifferentwayoflifebyexperiencingitwithpeoplewhoarefromthecultureandwhocanhelpexplainit.Additionally,thestudenthastheadvantageofbeingsurroundedbyagroupofpeoplewhocanprovideemotionalsupportwhenheisfeelinghomesickandlonely.Thisisespeciallytruewhenthefamilyhaschildrenwhoarethesameageastheinternationalstudent.Finally,althoughnotallhomestayexperiencesarepleasantones,theinternationalstudentwholiveswithahostfamilywillbeabletopracticethetargetlanguagefarmorethanonewholiveswithfriendsfromthesamecountry.

Paragraphfive.

__________________________________________________________.Insteadofcookingasimple,nourishingmeal,wepopafrozendinnerintotheoven.Worsestill,insteadofstudyingadailynewspaper,wearecontentwiththecapsule（概述）summariesonthenetworknews.Worstofall,insteadofwalkingevenafewblockstothelocalconveniencestore,wejumpintoourcar.

Exercise3-2-10.WriteatopicsentencebasedonthegeneraltopicOurUniversity

a）todescribethecourses:

____________________________________________________________

b）tocompareitwithanotheruniversity:

_________________________________________________

c）tosuggestimprovements:

__________________________________________________________

PartTwo:

SupportingSentences

Therearemanywaysforstudentstospendtheirsummervacations.First,theycanfindapart-timejobintheholiday.Teachingachildandworkingforacompanyarebothgoodchoicesforcollegestudents.Workingintheholiday,theycannotonlyearnsomemoney,butalsogetmoreexperiencethattheycan’tgetoncampus.Second,theycantravelduringthesummerholiday.Someclassmatescantraveltogethertoacitywhichisdi