考研英语模拟题及详解翻译部分汇编.docx

1、考研英语模拟题及详解翻译部分汇编2010年考研英语模拟题及详解(翻译部分汇编)一、经济学史Economics, as we know it, is the social science concerned with the production, distribution, exchange, and consumption of goods and services. Economists focus on the way in which individuals, groups, business enterprises, and governments seek to achieve e

2、fficiently any economic objective they select. (46) Other fields of study also contribute to this knowledge: Psychology and ethics try to explain how objectives are formed, history records changes in human objectives, and sociology interprets human behavior in social contexts.Standard economics can

3、be divided into two major fields. (47) The first, price theory or microeconomics, explains how the interplay of supply and demand in competitive markets creates a multitude of individual prices, wage rates, profit margins, and rental changes. Microeconomics assumes that people behave rationally. Con

4、sumers try to spend their income in ways that give them as much pleasure as possible. As economists say, they maximize utility. For their part, entrepreneurs seek as much profit as they can extract from their operations.The second field, macroeconomics, deals with modern explanations of national inc

5、ome and employment. Macroeconomics dates from the book, The General Theory of Employment, Interest, and Money (1935), by the British economist John Maynard Keynes. His explanation of prosperity and depression centers on the total or aggregate demand for goods and services by consumers, business inve

6、stors, and governments, (48) Because, according to Keynes, inadequate total demand increases unemployment, the indicated cure is either more investment by businesses or more spending and consequently larger budget deficits by government.Economic issues have occupied peoples minds throughout the ages

7、. (49) Aristotle and Plato in ancient Greece wrote about problems of wealth, property, and trade, both of whom were prejudiced against commerce, feeling that to live by trade was undesirable. The Romans borrowed their economic ideas from the Greeks and showed the same contempt for trade. (50) During

8、 the Middle Ages the economic ideas of the Roman Catholic church were expressed in the law of the church, which condemned the taking of interest for money loaned and regarded commerce as inferior to agriculture.Economics as a subject of modern study, distinguishable from moral philosophy and politic

9、s, dates from the work, Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations (1776), by the Scottish philosopher and economist Adam Smith. Mercantilism and physiocracy were precursors of the classical economics of Smith and his 19th-century successors.答案46.其他领域的研究也有助于对此的理解：心理学和伦理学试图解释目标是如何形成的

10、，历史记录着人们所追求的目标的变化，社会学则从社会环境的角度来解释人们的行为。47.第一个领域，价格理论或微观经济学，解释在竞争的市场中供需间的相互作用是怎样导致了大量的个别价格、工资率、利润空间和租金的变化。48.因为，按照凯恩斯的理论，不充分的总体需求会增加失业，建议的解决方式是企业扩大投资或政府增加开支，继而增加预算赤字。49.古希腊的亚里士多德和柏图都在著作中谈到财富、财产和贸易问题，两人都对商业持有偏见，认为靠生意来谋生是不足取的。50.在中世纪，罗马天主教会的经济学思想表达在其教法中，教法谴责从借贷中获利的行为，并认为商业地位劣于农业。总体分析本文主要介绍了经济学的研究发展历史。第

11、一段：经济学的定义及研究对象。第二、三段：经济学的两大领域：微观经济学和宏观经济学。第四、五段：经济学研究的古代和现代理论。试题精解46.精解 本题考核的知识点是：并列分句、后置定语。该句子中冒号后是并列的三个简单句。第一个分句中how引导的从句做explain的宾语;第二个和第三个分句中都有介词in的短语做后置定语，翻译时应提前。词汇方面：contribute to意为“是的原因;增进，有助于”;knowledge意为“知识;知晓，了解”，文中活译为“对的理解”。47.精解 本题考核的知识点是：宾语从句、状语。句子的主干是The first explains how。主语后的名词短语pric

12、e theory or microeconomics是其同位语，因此翻译the first时，应增译为“第一个领域”。how引导宾语从句，其主干是the interplay creates 。介词短语in competitive markets做地点状语，翻译时应前置。词汇方面：interplay意为“相互影响”;a multitude of意为“许多的，大量的”;individual意为“个别的，单独的， 个人的”;margin意为“(时间、空间、金钱的)余地”，profit margin指“利润空间”。48.精解 本题考核的知识点是：词性转换。该句是包含原因状语从句的复合句,句子主干是th

13、e indicated cure is,表语由并列连词either or连接。词汇方面：indicated是过去分词用做形容词，动词indicate意为“表明，暗示，提及，建议”，根据上下文indicated译为“建议的”。more investment，more spending和larger budget deficits是形容词比较级加名词，根据汉语习惯转换成动词加名词的搭配，即“扩大投资”、“增加开支”和“增加预算赤字”。49.精解 本题考核的知识点是：定语从句、分词做状语。主句是Aristotle and wrote about problems ，后面接有both of whom引

14、导的定语从句，采用拆译法单独成句。句子最后的分词结构feeling that 在定语从句中做状语，翻译时也应单独成句，that后引导的是宾语从句，做feeling的宾语。词汇方面：be prejudiced against意为“对有偏见”，undesirable意为“不想要的，不得人心的”。50.精解 本题考核的知识点是：非谓语动词作后置定语、定语从句。该句含有which引导的非限定性从句做定语，翻译时拆开单独成句，并重复先行词，做从句的主语。词汇方面：condemn意为“谴责”，taking of interest是动名词结构，可增译为“获利的行为”。全文翻译正如大家所知道的，经济学是与生产

15、、分配、交换和消费物品和服务相关的社会科学。经济学家关注个人、群体、商业企业和政府试图有效地实现他们选定的任何经济目标的方式。其他领域的研究也有助于对此的理解：心理学和伦理学试图解释目标是如何形成的，历史学记录着人们所追求的目标的变化，社会学则从社会环境的角度来解释人们的行为。规范的经济学可分为两大主要的领域。第一个领域，价格理论或微观经济学，解释在竞争的市场中供需间的相互作用是怎样导致了大量的个别价格、工资率、利润空间和租金的变化。微观经济学认为人的行为是理性的。消费者努力以能带来最大愉悦的方式花费他们的收入。按经济学家所说，他们使效用最大化。对企业家而言，他们从经营中寻求最大的利润。第二个

16、领域，宏观经济学，是涉及国民收入和就业的现代理论。宏观经济学最早可追述到英国经济学家约翰梅纳德凯恩斯1935年所著的就业、利息和货币通论一书。他对繁荣和萧条的解释围绕消费者、商业投资者和政府对货物或服务的总体需求。因为，按照凯恩斯的理论，不充分的总体需求会增加失业，建议的解决方式是企业扩大投资或政府增加开支，继而增加预算赤字。经济问题一直以来都占据着人们的思想。古希腊的亚里士多德和柏图都在著作中谈到财富、财产和贸易问题，两人都对商业持有偏见，认为靠生意来谋生是不足取的。罗马人从希腊人那里借用了经济学思想，对经商同样不屑一顾。在中世纪，罗马天主教会的经济学思想表达在其教法中，教法谴责从借贷中获利

17、的行为，并认为商业地位劣于农业。经济学作为一门现代研究学科，区别于道德哲学和政治学，可追述到苏格兰哲学家兼经济学家亚当斯密1776年著的国民财富的性质和原因的研究。重商主义和重农主义是斯密的古典经济学及其19世纪后继者(新古典经济学)的理论先驱。二、科学与技术The meanings of “science”and “technology”have changed significantly from one generation to another. More similarities than differences, however, can be found between the

18、terms, (46)Both science and technology imply a thinking process, both are concerned with causal relationships in the material world, and both employ an experimental methodology that results in empirical demonstrations that can be verified by repetition. (47)Science, at least in theory, is less conce

19、rned with the practicality of its results and more concerned with the development of general laws, but in practice science and technology are inextricably involved with each other. The varying interplay of the two can be observed in the historical development of such practitioners as chemists, engin

20、eers, physicists, astronomers, carpenters, potters, and many other specialists. Differing educational requirements, social status, vocabulary, methodology, and types of rewards, as well as institutional objectives and professional goals, contribute to such distinctions as can be made between the act

21、ivities of scientists and technologists; but throughout history the practitioners of “pure”science have made many practical as well as theoretical contributions.(48) Indeed, the concept that science provides the ideas for technological innovations and that pure research is therefore essential for an

22、y significant advancement in industrial civilization is essentially a myth. Most of the greatest changes in industrial civilization cannot be traced to the laboratory. Fundamental tools and processes in the fields of mechanics, chemistry, astronomy, metallurgy, and hydraulics were developed before t

23、he laws governing their functions were discovered. The steam engine, for example, was commonplace before the science of thermodynamics elucidated the physical principle underlying its operations.In recent years a sharp value distinction has their bitter opponents, but today many people have come to

24、fear technology much more than science. (49) For these people , science may be perceived as a serene, objective source for understanding the eternal laws of nature, whereas the practical manifestations of technology in the modern world now seem to them to be out of control.(50) Many historians of sc

25、ience argue not only that technology is an essential condition of advanced, industrial civilization but also that the rate of technological change has developed its own momentum in recent centuries. Innovations now seem to appear at a rate that increase geometrically, without respect to geographical

26、 limits or political systems. These innovations tend to transform traditional cultural systems, frequently with unexpected social consequences. Thus technology can be conceived as both a creative and a destructive process.答案46.科学与技术都包含有一种思维的过程，两者都涉及到物质世界的因果关系，两者都运用了一套实验的方法论，这种方法论所产生的是能够通过重复得以验证的经验性的

27、实证结果。47.至少在理论上，科学较少地关心其研究成果的实用性，而更多地关注于归纳出普遍的法则;但是在实践中，科学与技术却相互关联，无法割裂。48.人们认为科学为技术创新提供理念，因此，对于工业文明中的任何一次意义重大的进步，纯理论的研究是必不可少的，当然，这种观念其实是个神话。49.对于这些人来说，科学或许被看成是一种平静的、客观的理解自然永恒法则的出发点，而如今在他们看来，现代世界里技术的实际运用似乎已失去控制。50.许多科学史家认为，技术不仅是先进的工业文明必不可少的条件，而且在最近的几个世纪里，技术变革的速度已形成了自身的势头。总体分析本文介绍了科学和技术之间的关系以及对人类的影响。第

28、一段：科学和技术之间的相似性要大于差异性，它们之间的相互影响反映在各个行业的发展中。第二段：技术的发展不依赖科学的发展，两者之间的价值分歧越来越尖锐。而且，现在很多人对技术的恐惧甚于对科学的担心。第三段：技术的发展既有创造性也有毁灭性。试题精解46.精解 本题考核的知识点是：嵌套式定语从句、抽象名词。本句是由and连接的三个并列句，都以both开头。第三个分句的主干是：both employ an experimental methodology，宾语methodology后接有一个that引导的定语从句做定语，该定语从句中又嵌套了一个that引导的定语从句(demonstrations)ca

29、n be verified by repetition。由于有嵌套式定语从句，因此需要采用拆译法，从第一个that开始单独成句。词汇方面：imply意为“暗示，意味;必然包含”;be concerned with意为“与有关，涉及;关注，感兴趣”;empirical意为“以实验(或经验)为根据的，经验主义的”;demonstration意为“证明，论证，说明，证实”，由于它是抽象名词，可按照汉语习惯，采用加译法，译成“论证的结果”。verify意为“检验，查证，核实”。47.精解 本题考核的知识点是：比较结构。本句是由but连接的并列句。前一分句中含有比较结构：is less concerne

30、d with and more concerned with ，可译为“较少地关心而更多地关注于”。主谓之间的插入语at least in theory做状语翻译时可提前。词汇方面：practicality意为“实用性”;inextricably意为“逃不掉地，解决不了地，解不开地”;be involved with sb./sth.意为“与关系密切”。48.精解 本题考核的知识点是：同位语从句、增译法。句子的主干是the concept is a myth。主语后接有由that引导的两个并列的同位语从句。由于主语后修饰成分较长，因此采用拆译法单独成句。并且先译从句，后译主句，用复指代词“这种观念”来连接主句和从句的内容。第二个同位语从句中therefore说明的是两个从句间的因果关系，翻译时要提前到第二个从句前。词汇方面：pure research直译为“纯研究”，不是汉语习惯表达，应采用增译法，译为“纯理论的研究”。myth可意为“神话，杜撰出来的人或物，(没有事实根据的)虚构信念(或观点、理论)”，根据上下文选择其“没有事实根据的观点”的含义。49.精解 本