专四英语语法考点串讲.docx

1、专四英语语法考点串讲专四必备语法时态、语态的要点：1.表达将来时的形式：(1)在时间、条件、让步从句中，一般现在时代替将来时，但要注意区别从句的类型，如：Ill tell him when you will ring again. 我告诉他你什么时候再来电话。(宾语从句)比较：Ill tell him when you ring again.你再打电话时我告诉他。(状语从句)(2)在make sure, make certain, see (to it) 后的that从句中，谓语动词用一般现在时代替将来时，如：See to it that you include in the paper wh

2、atever questions they didnt know the answer to last time.(include 不能用will include或其他形式)2.完成时是时态测试的重点，注意与完成时连用的句型和时间状语：(1)by/between/up to/till +过去时间、since、by the time/when +表示过去发生情况的从句，主句用过去完成时。如：We had just had our breakfast when an old man came to the door.Between 1897 and 1919 at least 29 motion

3、pictures in which artificial beings were portrayed had been produced.(表示1919年时已发生的情况)(2)by +将来时间、by the time/ when +谓语动词是一般现在时的从句，主句用将来完成时。如：By the time you arrive in London, we will have stayed in Europe for two weeks.I hope her health will have improved greatly by the time we come back next year.(

4、3)by now、since +过去时间、in/during/for/over/the past/last few(或具体数字)years/days/months，主句用现在完成时,如：The changes that had taken place in air travel during the last sixty years would have seemed completely impossible to even the most brilliant scientists at the turn of the 19th century.但在it is +具体时间since/bef

5、ore这一句型中，主句更多的时候不用完成时。It is four years since John left school.(4)在It is the +序数词/形容词最高级+that的定语从句中，谓语动词常用现在完成时。如： It isnt the first time that I have found myself in an embarrassing situation.(5)在no soonerthan, hardly/scarcelywhen句型中，主句常用过去完成时。3.完成进行时指动作在完成时的基础上还要继续下去。如： The company has been promisin

6、g a rise in salary for ages, but nothing has happened.时态、语态答题思路：(1)先根据选项的区别点确定考题要点为时态，然后回到题句中寻找给出的或暗示的时间状语，缩小选择范围，进而选出正确答案；(2)根据谓语动词与句子主语或非谓语动词与其逻辑主语的关系，确定句子是主动语态还是被动语态。 专四语法考点串讲 非谓语动词 非谓语动词是历年专四测试的重中之重，每年试题一般一到两道（1-2分）。 命题特点1. 非谓语动词的时态与语态； 2. 非谓语动词的否定式；3. 动词不定式的各种形式及应用；4. -ing结构的各种形式及应用； 5. -ed结构在句

7、中的不同用法；6.非谓语动词作状语、宾语等的辨析；7.非谓语动词的固定结构或习惯用法等。 【非谓语动词基础知识 】一个句子当中，已经存在谓语动词,又没有连词的情况下， 需要非谓语动词来修饰句子的其他成分。 动词不定式; 现在分词; 过去分词; 动名词 I不定式的时态及语态一般式 to do to be done 与谓语动作同时或还未发生进行式 to be doing 表示谓语的动作发生时,不定式的动作正在进行完成式 to have done to have been done 先于谓语动作的发生2. 动名词 一般式 doing being done 与谓语动作同时发生完成式 Having do

8、ne having been done 在谓语动作之前用途： 抽象、习惯性（ his hobby is painting; I am proud of being a Chinese）3.分词的时态和语态 现在分词 一般式 doing being done 完成式 having done having been done过去分词 done用途： 现在分词： 主动、进行、令人的 过去分词： 被动、完成、 感到的The swimming boy is Tom. (主动、进行）the room facing south（主动）The film is disappointing. Tom is dis

9、appointed（令人的)/(感到) Look at the broken glass.(被动、完成) 注意* 所有非谓语动词的否定形式都是把否定副词not放在非谓语动词的_前面_*如果表示的动作在谓语表示的动作之前发生，有时需要用动词的完成时态。 考点一 不定式做结果状语的固定搭配too +adj/adv to do， so +adj/adv as to do ， such +n as to do adj/ adv enough to do only to do 常表示意想不到或不愉快的结果。 考点二“使怎么样”之类的动词amuse, astonish, excite, frighten,

10、 interest, move, relax, satisfy, shock, surprise, encourage, disappoint, puzzle, tire, please, inspire, terrify, worry，它们的ing形式表示主动，而过去分词表示被动。一般情况下“人”用过去分词，“物”用ing形式。 *考点三 除。.之外的介词but except,前面有行为动词do时，不定式不带to,否则带to.*考点四 why not do sth (为何不做某事) 固定搭配cannot / hardly / never / scarcely too to “越越好；无论也/

11、都不过分”。 You cannot be too careful to cross the street. 你过街时越小心越好。 cannot help but do, cannot but do, cannot choose but do, can do nothing but do,have no choice/alternative but to do上述句型的意思接近，即“不得不做”、“不禁做”、“不由自主地做”、“不能不做”、“只能做”。如： *解题思路：看似纷繁复杂的各种非谓语动词考题实际上是有解题规律可寻的, 非谓语动词解题四步曲：一、首先抓住主谓结构，确定主句 没有连接词 只有

12、一个主语二、分析主动被动分析语态就是在确定主语之后，分析非谓语动词和主语在搭配使用时是主动还是被动关系。三、分析动作先后 要考虑动作发生的时间先后，即时态。独立主格独立主格: 句中没有连接词，逗号分开两个句子，存在两个主语 形式：名词/代词分词在用分词短语作状语时, 它逻辑上的主语一般必须与句子的主语一致, 但有时它也可以有自己独立的逻辑上的主语, 这种结构称为:独立主格的分类：(1) -ING分词(还有-ED分词)短语作状语时，有自己独立的逻辑上的“主语”。相当于各种形式的状语，表示一种伴随的动作或情况,或表原因There being nothing more for discussion,

13、the meeting was over half an hour earlier. (2).介词（ with）+名词+形容词，副词+现在分词或过去分词，表示陪村行动做或补充说明例如：He lay on his back, with his arm behind his head（3）独立结构可以表示伴随动作或情况, 表示时间、原因、条件等, 例如： He rushed into the room, his face covered with sweat. (伴随情况) The shower being over, we continued to march. (时间) So many stu

14、dents being absent, we decided to put the meeting off. (原因) Weather permitting, well have an outing tomorrow. (条件) All things considered, her paper is of greater value than yours. The job done, we went home. The composition written, he handed it to the teacher.不定式、动名词作宾语（非谓语补充）*常跟不定式做宾语的词三个w、h、c ，二a

15、领着四d 、p, 一r 、m，二l、b, 外加三个o, u, e。3 w: want(想要), wish(希望), wait(等待)3h: hope(希望), help(帮忙), hesitate(犹豫)3c: care(愿意), choose(选择), claim(声称)2a：agree(同意), afford(担负得起), 4d: dare(敢于), demand(要求), determine(决定), decide(决定) 4p: plan(计划), pretend(假装), promise(允诺), prepare(准备) 1r: refuse(拒绝)1m: manage (设法)2l

16、: learn(学会), long(渴望) 2b: beg(乞求), bear(忍受)1o: offer(提出)1u: undertake(答应；同意) 1e：expect(希望) *接不带to的不定式的特殊动词一感：feel二听：listen to; hear三让：make, have, let四看：watch, see, look at, observe被动句里to还原。*接不定式作宾语，动名词作宾语均可，且意思基本不变的词双方一旦开始(begin, start),无论喜欢(love, like, prefer )与否(hate, dislike)，都得继续(continue)下去。都不能

17、企图（attempt）忽视（neglect）开始的爱（love）。习惯也好，害怕也好，难以容忍( cant bear/ stand/ endure)也好。 *可以动名词作宾语，也可用不定式作宾语，意思却不同的词四“记”力争不后悔四“记”(记住)remember,(忘记)forget, (计划/打算)mean, (继续)go on, 力争：try不后悔: stop regretremember to do sth. 记得要做某事；remember doing sth.记得曾做过某事forget to do sth 忘了要做某事；forget doing sth. 忘了做过某事；mean to d

18、o sth 打算做某事；mean doing sth. 意味着，就是go on to do 继续做另一件事；go on doing 继续做同一件事try to do sth 试图做某事；try doing sth. 尝试做某事stop to do sth 停下来做某事；stop doing sth. 停止做某事。regret to do sth 对要发生的事表示“遗憾”；regret doing sth.对发生过的事表示“后悔”。*常接动名词做宾语的词MP2r caf disk （military policeman）宪兵带着2把手枪在咖啡馆里看光盘 M指mind(介意), miss(逃过),

19、 mention(提及)P指prevent, postpone, practice2r指risk(冒险), resist(抵制)c指consider(考虑）a指admit(承认), avoid(避免), appreciate(感激), f指 fancy(幻想), finish(完成)，feel like(喜欢)e指enjoy(享受), escape(逃脱), ensure(确保) d指delay(延迟), deny(否认), detest(痛恨) i指imagine(想象)s指suggest(建议) k指keep(保持)*介词后的inghave difficulty (in) doing st

20、h 做某事有困难be busy (in) doing sth 忙于做某事succeed in doing sth 成功做某事give up doing sth 放弃做某事prevent/stop/keep sb /sth from doing 阻止做spend/waste time /money in doing 在做方面花钱、浪费时间或金钱how /what about doing sth 做怎么样了？Have some difficulty/trouble in doing 在方面有些困难There is no point/sense/harm/ use doing sth. Thank

21、/ admire /praise/blame /scold/ punish sb for doing sth因做某事而感谢、羡慕、表扬、责备、惩罚某人have a good/great/wonderful time doing sth.*to是介词，不是不定式标志，接动名词做介词to 的宾语 apply oneself to 致力于be accustomed to 习惯于confess to 供认come to 谈到devote oneself to 献身于get down to 着手做give way to 对让步lead to 导致look forward to 期待next to 几乎o

22、bject to 反对pay attention to 注意 stick to 坚持stand up to 勇敢面对turn to 求助于 be used to 习惯于*用于“be+过去分词+to”结构中的过去分词常见的有：accustomed/used（习惯）addicted（沉溺于）astonished（惊讶）devoted（致力于）determined（决定）engaged（订婚）exposed（遭受）known（已知）married（结婚）opposed（反对）prepared（准备）related（相关）*用于“be+过去分词+with”结构中的过去分词常见的有：armed（配备）c

23、onnected（相关）covered（覆盖）crowded（挤满）faced（面对）fedup（厌烦）filled（充满）pleased（高兴）satisfied（满意）tired（劳累）*用于“be+过去分词+in”结构中的过去分词常见的有：absorbed（全神贯注）engaged（从事）involved（参与）lost（陷入）seated（坐在）situated/located（位于*用于“be+过去分词+of”结构中的过去分词 常见的有：convinced（相信）informed（了解）tired（厌烦）*几组易错的现在分词、过去分词lie vi. lay lain lying 躺

24、lie v. lied lied lying 撒谎 lay vi. laid laid laying 放；下蛋 found vt. founded founded 成立find vt. found found 发现Wind wound wound 盘旋 蜿蜒Wound wounded wounded 受伤rise vi rose risen 上升raise vt. raised raised 上升fall vi. fell fallen 落下fell vt. Felled felled 砍feel vt. felt felt 摸；感觉 hang vi hung hung 悬挂hang vt.

25、hanged hanged 绞死light vt. lit （一般作谓语）light lighted （作定语） 燃着的 burn vt. /vi burnt 烧焦的， burning 正在燃烧的there be 非谓语动词的用法(1)做宾语时取决于谓语动词的持续要求。如：The students expected there to be more reviewing classes before the final exams.(expect要求接不定式做宾语)(2)做目的状语或程度状语时用for there to be，做其他状语用there being。如：For there to be

26、 successful communication, there must be attentiveness and involvement in the discussion itself by all present.(for there to be在句中做目的状语)It isnt cold enough for there to be a frost tonight, so I can leave Jims car out quite safely.(for there to be在句中做程度状语)There being no further questions, well stop h

27、ere today. (there being做原因状语)(3)引导主语用for there to be。如：It is unusual for there to be no late-comers today.(4)做除for外的介词宾语，用there being。如：He would always ignore the fact of there being such a contradiction in his inner thought. 情态动词考试中，情态动词部分重点测试以下内容：（1）情态动词+行为动词完成式 （2）某些情态动词的特殊用法*情态动词: will（愿意）, shal

28、l（将）, must（必须）, can, may, would, should(应该), might, could, ought to, used to（过去常常）, need（需要）, dare（竟敢），have to（不得不）*dare, need 也可作一般（行为）动词*情态动词一般用法的否定：mustnt 不准, 禁止，不要 cant(couldnt) 不会；不能；may (might) not 不可以; neednt 没必要 ( = dont have to )used notusednt to或didnt use to 过去不dare not 不敢*情态动词推测用法Must 一定，

29、肯定 cant (couldnt) 不可能Can/ could 可能 Cant (couldnt) 不可能may/ might “可能，也许” May (might) not 也许不，可能不*推断用法shouldought to“按理应当，应该是； shouldnt 不应该 ( = ought not to ) *情态动词短语的使用would like to dowould rather dowould rather + 从句would prefer to do.had better do.*情态动词have done结构表示对过去动作的推测1. must have done：对过去的肯定推测

30、，译作“一定做了”，只能用于肯定句中。其否定形式为cantcouldnt have done It must have rained last night, for the road was quite muddy2. can/ could have done：对过去的可能性推测，译作“可能做了”。只能用疑问句中CanCould he have said it? 他可能说过那种话吗？ 3. may / might have v-ed：对过去的可能性推测，译作“也许能，有可能。 Its too late. I think he may have gone to bed.*情态动词have过去分词

31、结构表示轻微的责备和后悔肯定：过去应该做而没有做；否定：过去不该（不必）做而做了。 mightcouldhave过去分词：“本来可以，早就应该”（只用于肯定句，且不能用may, can） You could have told me you were going to be late!.你应当早告诉我你会晚到的！ should（ought to）have过去分词：“本应”（没做）should not（ought not to）have过去分词：“本不该”（做了）You should not have handed in your composition yesterday morning.你本不应把作文交了。You should have been here earlier.你