YUYANXUE语言学导论.docx

1、YUYANXUE语言学导论III. Read each of the following statements carefully. Decide which one of the four choices best completes the statement and put the corresponding letter A， B， C or D in the brackets. （1%20=20%） 1) The study of language at one point of time is a _a_ study.A. synchronic B. historicC. diac

2、hronic D. descriptive2）Synonyms are classified into several kinds. The kind to which “fall” and “autumn” belong is called _b_ synonyms. A. stylistic B. dialectal C. emotiveD. collocational3) The sentence “John likes ice-cream” contains B_ arguments.A. one B. twoC. none D. three4) Semantics can be de

3、fined as the study of _B_.A. naming B. meaningC. communication D. context5) Once the notion of _B_ was taken into consideration， semantics spilled into pragmatics.A. meaning B. contextC. form D. content6) Of the three speech acts， linguists are most interested in the _C_.A. locutionary act B. perloc

4、utionary actC. illocutionary act D. none of the above7) Most of the violations of the maxims of the Cooperative Principle give rise to _C_.A. utterance meaning B. speech act theoryC. conversational implicatures D. none of the above8) The significance of Grices CP lies in that it explains how it is p

5、ossible for the speaker to convey _A_ is literally said.A. more than B. less thanC. the same as D. none of the above9) The goal of B_ is to explore the nature of language variation and language use among a variety of speech communities and different social situations.A. psycholinguistics B. sociolin

6、guisticsC. historical linguistics D. general linguistics10) Black English has a number of distinctive features in its phonological， morphological and syntactic systems which are _D_.A. rule-governed B. systematicC. arbitrary D. both A and B11）As modern linguistics aims to describe and analyze the la

7、nguage people actually use， and not to lay down rules for correct linguistic behavior， it is said to be _C_.A. prescriptive B. sociolinguisticC. descriptive D. psycholinguistic12) Language is a system of arbitrary _D_ symbols used for human communication.A. cultural B. conventionalC. decoded D. voca

8、l13) A word with several meanings is called _B_.A. an abnormal word B. a polysemous wordC. a synonymous word D. none of the above14) There are different types of affixes or morphemes. The affix “ed” in the word “learned” is known as a（n） _C_. A. derivational morpheme B. free morpheme C. inflectional

9、 morpheme D. free form 15) The syntactic rules of any language are _C_ in number.A. large B. smallC. finite D. infinite16) “I bought some roses” _A_ “I bought some flowers”. A. entails B. presupposes C. is inconsistent with D. is synonymous with 17）The phrase “boys and girls” belongs to the _B_ cons

10、truction. A. predicate B. endocentric C. subordinate D. exocentric18) Can I borrow your bike？ D_ You have a bike.A. is synonymous with B. is inconsistent withC. entails D. presupposes19） Of all the speech organs， the _C_ is/are the most flexible.A. mouth B. lips C. tongue D. vocal cords20）Chomsky us

11、es the term _D_ to refer to the actual realization of a language users knowledge of the rules of his language in linguistic communication. A. langue B. competence C. parole D. performance IV. Decide whether each of the following statements is true or false：（1%15=15%） 1) Language is a system of arbit

12、rary vocal symbols used for human communication. T2) The writing system of a language is always a later invention used to record speech； thus there are still many languages in todays world that can only be spoken， but not written. T3) The open-class words include prepositions.F4) In classifying the

13、English consonants and vowels， the same criteria can be applied.F5) According to semantic triangle， there is no direct link between a symbol and referent， i.e. between a word and a thing it refers to.T6)Syntactic categories refer to sentences （S） and clauses （C） only.F7)By synchrony we mean to study

14、 language change and development.F8)The IC analysis is not able to analyze split verbs like “do sb. in”.T9)The relationship of “flower”， “violet”， “rose” and “tulip” is hyponymy.T10)A syllable without a coda is a closed syllable.F11) Parole refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the

15、members of a speech community.F12) Phonology is a branch of linguistics which studied the sentences patterns of a language.F13) Human capacity for language has a genetic basis， i.e. we are all born with the ability to acquire language and the details of a language system are genetically transmitted.

16、F14) Only words of the same parts of speech can be combined to form compounds.F15) Sentences are strings of words put together in a random order.F V. Fill in the blank in each of the following statements with one word， the first letter of which is already given as a clue. Note that you are to fill i

17、n ONE word only， and you are not allowed to change the letter given.（1%10=10%） 1)The modern linguistics is d_ descriptive _ ，not prescriptive， and its investigations are based on authentic and mainly spoken language data.2)M_orpheme_ is the smallest meaningful unit of language.3)Langue refers to the

18、 language system shared by a community of speaker while p_arole_ contrastd with langue is the concrete act of speaking in actual situations by an individual speaker.4)The transformational component has transformational rules， which change the deep structures generated by the phrase structure compone

19、nt into s_urface_ structure.5)In semantic triangle， the relation between a word and a thing it refers to is not direct， and it is mediated by c_oncept_.6)H. Sweet made a distinction between narrow and b_road_ transcription.7)In the cooperative principle， Grice introduced four categories of maxims.Th

20、ey are maxim of quality， maxim of quatity， maxim of r_elation_ and maxim of manner.8)The strong version of Sapir-Whorf hopothesis is that language d_etermines_s our thinking pattern.9)There are two major approaches to error analysis： c_ontrastive_ and non-contrastive analysis.10)P_ragmatics_ is the

21、study of language in use. VI. The following two are ambiguous in their meanings. Give your understanding of the different meanings of each expression.（2.5%2=5%） 1)Smoking cigar is very harmful.2)The boy saw the man with the telescope. VII. Answer the following questions in English.（4%5=20%） 1)What a

22、re the four maxims under the cooperative principle？2)What are the design features of language？3)What are the differences between modern linguistics and traditional grammar？3）A. Linguistics is descriptive， not prescriptive B. Linguistics regards the spoken language as primary， not the written.C. Ling

23、uistics differs from traditional grammar in that it does not force languages into a Latin-based framework.4)Why do we say that a meaning of a sentence is not the sum total of the meanings of all its components？5)What do you know about linguistics. 参考答案 III. Read each of the following statements care

24、fully. Decide which one of the four choices best completes the statement and put the letter A， B， C or D in the brackets. （1%20=20%） 1-5ABBBB 6-10 CCABD 11-15CDBCC 16-20ABDCD IV. Decide whether each of the following statements is true or false：（1%15=15%） 1）-5）： TTFFT 6）-10）： FFTTF 11）-15）： FFFFF V.

25、Fill in the blank in each of the following statements with one word， the first letter of which is already given as a clue. （1%10=10%）1） descriptive 2） Morpheme 3） parole 4） surface 5）concept6） broad 7）relation 8）determines 9） contrastive 10） PragmaticsVI. The following two sentences are ambiguous in

26、 their meanings. Give your understanding of the different meanings of each sentence.（2.5%2=5%）1）The cigar that is smoking is very harmful.The act of smoking the cigar is very harmful.2）The boy saw the man who had a telescope.Using the telescope， the boy saw the man. VII. Answer the following questio

27、ns in English.（4%5=20%）1）A. The maxim of quantity1. Make your contribution as informative as required （for the current purpose of the exchange） .2. Do not make your contribution more informative than is required.B. The maxim of quality1. Do not say what you believe to be false.2. Do not say that for

28、 which you lack adequate evidence.C. The maxim of relationBe relevant.D. The maxim of manner1. Avoid obscurity of expression. 2. Avoid ambiguity.3. Be brief （ avoid unnecessary prolixity） . 4. Be orderly.2）Arbitrariness； Productivity； Duality； Displacement；Cultural transmission；3）A. Linguistics is d

29、escriptive， not prescriptiveB. Linguistics regards the spoken language as primary， not the written.C. Linguistics differs from traditional grammar in that it does not force languages into a Latin-based framework.4）The meaning of a sentence is not the sum total of the meanings of all its components b

30、ecause it cannot be worked out by adding up all the meanings of its constituent words. For example；（A） The dog bit the man.（B） The man bit the dog.If the meaning of a sentence were the sum total of the meanings of all its components， then the above two sentences would have the same meaning. In fact they are different in meanings.As we know， there are two aspects to sentence meaning： grammatical mean-ing and semantic meaning. The grammatical meanings of “the dog” and “the man” in （A） are different from the grammatical meanings of “the dog” and “the man” in （B）. The meaning of a sen