YUYANXUE语言学导论.docx

YUYANXUE语言学导论.docx

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YUYANXUE语言学导论

　　III.Readeachofthefollowingstatementscarefully.DecidewhichoneofthefourchoicesbestcompletesthestatementandputthecorrespondingletterA，B，CorDinthebrackets.（1%×20=20%）

1）Thestudyoflanguageatonepointoftimeisa_____a__study.

　　A.synchronicB.historic

　　C.diachronicD.descriptive

2）Synonymsareclassifiedintoseveralkinds.Thekindtowhich“fall”and“autumn”belongiscalled__b___synonyms.

　　A.stylistic　　B.dialectal　　C.emotive　　D.collocational

3）Thesentence“Johnlikesice-cream”containsB________arguments.

　　A.oneB.two

C.noneD.three

4）Semanticscanbedefinedasthestudyof______B__.

　　A.namingB.meaning

　　C.communicationD.context

5）Oncethenotionof_____B___wastakenintoconsideration，semanticsspilledintopragmatics.

　　A.meaningB.context

　　C.formD.content

6）Ofthethreespeechacts，linguistsaremostinterestedinthe_____C__.

　　A.locutionaryactB.perlocutionaryact

　　C.illocutionaryactD.noneoftheabove

7）MostoftheviolationsofthemaximsoftheCooperativePrinciplegiveriseto_C____.

　　A.utterancemeaningB.speechacttheory

　　C.conversationalimplicaturesD.noneoftheabove

8）ThesignificanceofGrice’sCPliesinthatitexplainshowitispossibleforthespeakertoconvey____A__isliterallysaid.

　　A.morethanB.lessthan

　　C.thesameasD.noneoftheabove

9）ThegoalofB______istoexplorethenatureoflanguagevariationandlanguageuseamongavarietyofspeechcommunitiesanddifferentsocialsituations.

　　A.psycholinguisticsB.sociolinguistics

　　C.historicallinguisticsD.generallinguistics

10）BlackEnglishhasanumberofdistinctivefeaturesinitsphonological，morphologicalandsyntacticsystemswhichare_____D__.

　　A.rule-governedB.systematic

　　C.arbitraryD.bothAandB

11）Asmodernlinguisticsaimstodescribeandanalyzethelanguagepeopleactuallyuse，andnottolaydownrulesfor"correct"linguisticbehavior，itissaidtobe__C_.

　　A.prescriptiveB.sociolinguistic

　　C.descriptiveD.psycholinguistic

12）Languageisasystemofarbitrary________D_symbolsusedforhumancommunication.

　　A.culturalB.conventional

　　C.decodedD.vocal

13）Awordwithseveralmeaningsiscalled____B_____.

　　A.anabnormalwordB.apolysemousword

　　C.asynonymouswordD.noneoftheabove

14）Therearedifferenttypesofaffixesormorphemes.Theaffix“ed”intheword“learned”isknownasa（n）_______C___.

　　A.derivationalmorphemeB.freemorpheme

　　C.inflectionalmorphemeD.freeform

15）Thesyntacticrulesofanylanguageare__C______innumber.

　　A.largeB.small

　　C.finiteD.infinite

16）“Iboughtsomeroses”___A_______“Iboughtsomeflowers”.

　　A.entailsB.presupposes

　　C.isinconsistentwithD.issynonymouswith

17）Thephrase“boysandgirls”belongstothe___B_________construction.

　　A.predicateB.endocentric　　C.subordinateD.exocentric

18）CanIborrowyourbike？

"D___"Youhaveabike."

　　A.issynonymouswithB.isinconsistentwith

　　C.entailsD.presupposes　　19）Ofallthespeechorgans，the__C_is/arethemostflexible.

　　A.mouthB.lips　　C.tongue　　D.vocalcords　

20）Chomskyusestheterm____D___torefertotheactualrealizationofalanguageuser’sknowledgeoftherulesofhislanguageinlinguisticcommunication.

　　A.langue　　B.competence

　　C.parole　　D.performance

　　IV.Decidewhethereachofthefollowingstatementsistrueorfalse：

（1%×15=15%）

1）Languageisasystemofarbitraryvocalsymbolsusedforhumancommunication.T

2）Thewritingsystemofalanguageisalwaysalaterinventionusedtorecordspeech；thustherearestillmanylanguagesintoday’sworldthatcanonlybespoken，butnotwritten.T

3）Theopen-classwordsincludeprepositions.F

4）InclassifyingtheEnglishconsonantsandvowels，thesamecriteriacanbeapplied.F

5）Accordingtosemantictriangle，thereisnodirectlinkbetweenasymbolandreferent，i.e.betweenawordandathingitrefersto.T

6）Syntacticcategoriesrefertosentences（S）andclauses（C）only.F

7）Bysynchronywemeantostudylanguagechangeanddevelopment.F

8）TheICanalysisisnotabletoanalyzesplitverbslike“dosb.in”.T

9）Therelationshipof“flower”，“violet”，“rose”and“tulip”ishyponymy.T

10）Asyllablewithoutacodaisaclosedsyllable.F

11）Parolereferstotheabstractlinguisticsystemsharedbyallthemembersofaspeechcommunity.F

12）Phonologyisabranchoflinguisticswhichstudiedthesentencespatternsofalanguage.F

13）Humancapacityforlanguagehasageneticbasis，i.e.weareallbornwiththeabilitytoacquirelanguageandthedetailsofalanguagesystemaregeneticallytransmitted.F

14）Onlywordsofthesamepartsofspeechcanbecombinedtoformcompounds.F

15）Sentencesarestringsofwordsputtogetherinarandomorder.F

　　V.Fillintheblankineachofthefollowingstatementswithoneword，thefirstletterofwhichisalreadygivenasaclue.NotethatyouaretofillinONEwordonly，andyouarenotallowedtochangethelettergiven.（1%×10=10%）

　　1）Themodernlinguisticsisd_________descriptive___，notprescriptive，anditsinvestigationsarebasedonauthenticandmainlyspokenlanguagedata.

　　2）M__orpheme_________isthesmallestmeaningfulunitoflanguage.

　　3）Languereferstothelanguagesystemsharedbyacommunityofspeakerwhilep___arole_____contrastdwithlangueistheconcreteactofspeakinginactualsituationsbyanindividualspeaker..

　　4）Thetransformationalcomponenthastransformationalrules，whichchangethedeepstructuresgeneratedbythephrasestructurecomponentintos_____urface___structure.

　　5）Insemantictriangle，therelationbetweenawordandathingitreferstoisnotdirect，anditismediatedbyc________oncept___..

　　6）H.Sweetmadeadistinctionbetweennarrowandb___road_________transcription.

　　7）Inthecooperativeprinciple，Griceintroducedfourcategoriesofmaxims.Theyaremaximofquality，maximofquatity，maximofr___elation_______andmaximofmanner.

　　8）ThestrongversionofSapir-Whorfhopothesisisthatlanguaged__etermines_________sourthinkingpattern.

　　9）Therearetwomajorapproachestoerroranalysis：

c_ontrastive___________andnon-contrastiveanalysis.

　　10）P_ragmatics________isthestudyoflanguageinuse.

　　VI.Thefollowingtwoareambiguousintheirmeanings.Giveyourunderstandingofthedifferentmeaningsofeachexpression.（2.5%×2=5%）

　　1）Smokingcigarisveryharmful.

　　2）Theboysawthemanwiththetelescope.

　　VII.AnswerthefollowingquestionsinEnglish.　（4%×5=20%）

　　1）Whatarethefourmaximsunderthecooperativeprinciple？

　　2）Whatarethedesignfeaturesoflanguage？

　　3）Whatarethedifferencesbetweenmodernlinguisticsandtraditionalgrammar？

　3）A.Linguisticsisdescriptive，notprescriptive

B.Linguisticsregardsthespokenlanguageasprimary，notthewritten.

　　C.LinguisticsdiffersfromtraditionalgrammarinthatitdoesnotforcelanguagesintoaLatin-basedframework.

　　4）Whydowesaythatameaningofasentenceisnotthesumtotalofthemeaningsofallitscomponents？

　　5）Whatdoyouknowaboutlinguistics.

参考答案

　　III.Readeachofthefollowingstatementscarefully.DecidewhichoneofthefourchoicesbestcompletesthestatementandputtheletterA，B，CorDinthebrackets.（1%×20=20%）

　　1-5　　ABBBB　6-10　CCABD11-15　CDBCC　16-20　ABDCD

　　IV.Decidewhethereachofthefollowingstatementsistrueorfalse：

（1%×15=15%）

　　1）-5）：

TTFFT6）-10）：

FFTTF　11）-15）：

FFFFF

　　V.Fillintheblankineachofthefollowingstatementswithoneword，thefirstletterofwhichisalreadygivenasaclue.（1%×10=10%）

　　1）descriptive2）Morpheme3）parole4）surface5）concept

　　6）broad7）relation8）determines　9）contrastive10）Pragmatics

　　VI.Thefollowingtwosentencesareambiguousintheirmeanings.Giveyourunderstandingofthedifferentmeaningsofeachsentence.（2.5%×2=5%）

　　1）Thecigarthatissmokingisveryharmful.

　　Theactofsmokingthecigarisveryharmful.

　　2）Theboysawthemanwhohadatelescope.

　　Usingthetelescope，theboysawtheman.

　　VII.AnswerthefollowingquestionsinEnglish.　（4%×5=20%）

　　1）A.Themaximofquantity

　　1.Makeyourcontributionasinformativeasrequired（forthecurrentpurposeoftheexchange）.

　　2.Donotmakeyourcontributionmoreinformativethanisrequired.

　　B.Themaximofquality

　　1.Donotsaywhatyoubelievetobefalse.

　　2.Donotsaythatforwhichyoulackadequateevidence.

　　C.Themaximofrelation　Berelevant.

　　D.Themaximofmanner

　　1.Avoidobscurityofexpression.2.Avoidambiguity.

　　3.Bebrief（avoidunnecessaryprolixity）.4.Beorderly.

　　2）Arbitrariness；Productivity；Duality；Displacement；Culturaltransmission；

　　3）A.Linguisticsisdescriptive，notprescriptive

B.Linguisticsregardsthespokenlanguageasprimary，notthewritten.

　　C.LinguisticsdiffersfromtraditionalgrammarinthatitdoesnotforcelanguagesintoaLatin-basedframework.

　　4）Themeaningofasentenceisnotthesumtotalofthemeaningsofallitscomponentsbecauseitcannotbeworkedoutbyaddingupallthemeaningsofitsconstituentwords.Forexample；

　　（A）Thedogbittheman.

　　（B）Themanbitthedog.

　　Ifthemeaningofasentencewerethesumtotalofthemeaningsofallitscomponents，thentheabovetwosentenceswouldhavethesamemeaning.Infacttheyaredifferentinmeanings.

　　Asweknow，therearetwoaspectstosentencemeaning：

grammaticalmean-ingandsemanticmeaning.Thegrammaticalmeaningsof“thedog”and“theman”in（A）aredifferentfromthegrammaticalmeaningsof“thedog”and“theman”in（B）.Themeaningofasen