大三英语词汇学引论笔记.docx

大三英语词汇学引论笔记.docx

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大三英语词汇学引论笔记

大三英语词汇学引论笔记

英语词汇学引论笔记

英语词汇学引论笔记之“名词解释篇”

1.Word---Awordisaminimalfreeformofalanguagethathasagivensoundandmeaningandsyntacticfuntion.

2.Morpheme---Amorphemeistheminimalsignificantelementinthecompositionofwords.

3.FreemorphemesorContentmorphemes（Freeroot）---Theyaremorphemesthatmayconstitutewordsbythemselves:

cat,walk.

4.BoundMorphemesorGrammaticalmorphemes---Theyaremorphemesthatmustappearwithatleastoneothermorpheme,eitherboundorfree:

Catts,walk+ing.

5.Boundroot---Aboundrootisthatpartofthewordthatcarriesthefundamentalmeaningjustlikeafreeroot.Unlikeafreeroot,itisaboundformandhastocombinewithothermorphemestomakewords.Take-dict-forexample:

itconveysthemeaningof“sayorspeak"asaLatinroot,butnotasaword.Withtheprefixpre-（=before）weobtaintheverbpredictmeaning"tellbeforehand".

6.Affixes---Affixesareformsthatareattachedtowordsorwordelementstomodifymeaningorfuntion.

7.InflectionalmorphemesorInflectionalaffixes---Affixesattachestotheendofwordstoindicategrammaticalrelationshipsareinflectional,thusknownasinflectionalmorphemes.

Thereistheregularpluralsuffix-s（-es）whichisaddedtonounssuchasmachines,desks.

8.DerivationalmorphemesorDerivationalaffixes---Derivationalaffixesareaffixesaddedtoothermorphemestocreatenewwords.

9.Prefixes---Prefixesareaffixesthatcomebeforetheword,suchas,pre+war.

10.Suffixes---suffixesareaffixesthatcomeaftertheword,forinstance,blood+y.Derivationalmorphemes/derivationalaffixes---Aprocessofformingnewwordsbytheadditionofawordelement.Suchasprefix,suffix,combingformtoanalreadyexistingword.

Prefixation----istheformationofnewwordsbyaddingprefixorcombingformtothebase.（Itmodifythelexicalmeaningofthebase）

Suffixation---istheformationofanewwordbyaddingasuffixorcombingformtothebaseandusuallychangingtheword-classofthebase.Suchasboy.Boyish（noun-adjective）

11.Root---Arootisthebasicformofawordwhichcannotbefurtheranalysedwithouttotallossofidentity.

12.OpaqueWords--Wordsthatareformedbyonecontentmorphemeonlyandcannotbeanalysedintopartsarecalledopaquewords,suchasaxe,glove.

13.TransparentWords--Wordsthatconsistofmorethanonemorphemesandcanbesegmentedintopartsarecalledtransparentwords:

workable（work+able）,door-man（door+man）.

英语词汇学引论笔记

14.Morphs--Morphemesareabstractunits,whicharerealizedinspeechbydiscreteunitsknownasmorphs.Theyareactualspoken,minimalcarriersofmeaning.

15.Allomorps--Somemorphemesarerealizedbymorethanonemorphaccordingtotheirpositioninaword.Suchalternativemorphsareknownasallomorphs.Forinstance,themorphemeofplurality{-s}hasanumberofallomorphsindifferentsoundcontext,e.g.incats/s/,inbags/z/,inmatch/iz/.

16.DerivationorAffixation--Affixationisgenerallydefinedastheformationofwordsbyaddingword-formingorderivationalaffixestostems.Thisprocessisalsoknownasderivation.

17.Prefixation--Prefixationistheformationofnewwordsbyaddingprefixestostems.

18.Suffixation--Suffixationistheformationofnewwordsbyaddingsuffixestostems.

19.Compounding（Compositon）--Compoundingisaprocessofword-formationbywhichtwoindependentwordsareputtogethertomakeoneword.E.g.hen-packed;short-sighted.

20.Conversion--Conversionistheformationofnewwordsbyconvertingwordsofoneclasstoanotherclass.Thisprocessofcreatingnewwordswithoutaddinganyaffixesisalsocalledzero-derivation.E.g.dry（a.）--todry.

21.Back-formation--isaprocessofword-formationbywhichawordiscreatedbythedeletionofasupposedaffix.E.g.editorenteredthelanguagebeforeedit.

22.Abbreviation（shortening）--isaprocessofword-formationbywhichthesyllablesofwordsareabbreviatedorshortened.

23.Abbreviationincludesfourtypes:

I.ClippedwordsII.InitialismsIII.AcronymsIV.Blends.

I.Clippedwords--arethosecreatedbyclippingpartofaword,leavingonlyapieceoftheoldword.E.g.telephone--phone,professional--pro.

II.Initialisms--arewordsformedfromtheinitiallettersofwordsandpronouncedasletters.E.g.IMF/aiemef/=InternationalMonetaryFund.

III.Acronyms--arewordsformedfromtheinitiallettersofwordandpronouncedaswords.E.g.NATO/'neito/=NorthAtlanticTreatyOrganization.

IV.Blends--arewordsthatarecombinedbypartsofotherwords.E.g.smoke+fog=smog.

24.Polysemy--Thesamewordmayhavetwoormoredifferentmeanings.Thisisknownas"polysemy".Theword"flight",forexample,maymean"passingthroughtheair","powerofflying","airofjourney",etc.

*Twoapproachestopolysemy:

DiachronicandSynchronic

Diachronically,westudythegrowthorchangeinthesemanticstructureofaword,orhowthesemanticstructureofawordhasdevelopedfromprimarymeaningtothepresentpolysemicstate.

Synchronically,weareinterestedinthecomparativevalueofindividualmeaningsandtheinterrelationbetweenthecentralmeaningandthesecondarymeanings.

*Twoprocessesleadingtopolysemy:

Radiationandconcatenation

英语词汇学引论笔记

Radiation:

Semantically,radiationistheprocessinwhichtheprimaryorcentralmeaningstandsatthecenterwhilesecondarymeaningsradiatefromitineverydirectionlikerays.

Concatenation:

isasemanticprocessinwhichthemeaningofawordmovesgraduallyawayfromitsfirstsensebysuccessiveshifts,likethelinksofachain,untillthereisnoconnectionbetweenthesensethatisfinallydevelopedandtheprimarymeaning.

25.Homonyms--aregenerallydefinedaswordsdifferentinmeaningbuteitheridenticalbothinsoundandspellingoridentical『a.同一的，完全相同的』onlyinsoundorspelling.

26.PerfectHomonyms--arewordsidenticalbothinsoundandspelling,butdifferentinmeaning。

E.g.bearn.alargeheavyanimal;

bearv.toputupwith

27.Homographs--arewordsidenticalonlyinspellingbutdifferentinsoundandmeaning.E.g.

sow/s3u/v.toscatterseeds

sow/sau/n.femaleadultpig

28.Homophones--arewordsidenticalonlyinsoundbutdifferentinspellingandmeaning.E.g.

dearn.alovedperson

deer/di3/n.akindofanimal

29.Synonyms--canbedefinedaswordsdifferentinsoundandspellingbutmostnearlyalikeorexactlythesameinmeaning.E.g.

maid/girlTheyarethesamemeaningof"ayoungfemale".

30.Absolute（Complete,Perfect）Synonyms--arewordswhichareidenticalinmeaninginallitsaspects,i.e.bothingrammaticalmeaningandlexicalmeaning,includingconceptualandassociativemeanings.Forinstance,composition/compoundingTheyhavetheperfectsamemeaninginLexicology.

31.Relative（near,partial）synonyms--aresimilarornearlythesameindenotation,butembracedifferentshadesofmeaningordifferentdegreesofagivenquality.

Takestagger/reel/totterforexample.Staggerimpliesunsteadymovementcharacterizedbyalossofbalanceandfailuretomaintainafixedcourse.E.g.staggerunderaheavyload;Reelsuggestsaswayingorlurchingsoastoappearonthevergeoffalling.E.g.Thedrunkenmanreeleddownthehall;Totterindicatestheuncertain,falteringstepsofafeebleoldpersonorofaninfantlearningtowalk.

32.SourcesofSynonyms

I.Borrowing:

Native（ask）--French（question）--Latin（interrogate）

II.DialectsandregionalEnglish:

railway（BrE）--railroad（AmE）

III.Figurative『a.比喻的，象征的』andeuphemistic『a.委婉的』useofwords:

occupation--walkoflife（fig.）

lie--distortthefact（euph.）

IV.Coincidencewithidiomaticexpressions:

英语词汇学引论笔记

win--gaintheupperhand

hesitate--beintwominds

33.DiscriminationofSynonyms

I.Differenceindenotation:

differintherangeandintensityofmeaning.

E.g.extend--increase--expand（range）

want--wish--desire（intensity）

II.Differenceinconnotation『n.涵义，含蓄』:

differinthestylisticandemotivecolouring.

E.g.ask（neutral）;beg（colloquial）;request（formal）

III.Differenceinapplication:

inusage.

E.g.emptybox;vacantseat

34.Antonymy--isconcernedwithsemanticopposition.

35.Antonyms--arewordswhichareoppositeinmeaning.

36.TypesofAntonyms

I.Contradictoryterms:

mutuallyopposed;trueoppositenessofmeaning;nopossibilitybetweenthem;E.g.alive--dead;present--absent

II.Contraryterms:

gradable

E.g.rich--（well-to-do）--poor;

hot--（warm,cool）--cold

III.Relativeterms:

relationaloppositeness

E.g.parent--child;husband--wife;sell--buy

IV.Semanticincompatibles:

contrastingness.

E.g.north,south,east,west;

spring,summer,autumn,winter.

37.Hyponymy--dealswiththerelationshipofsemanticinclusion.Thatis,themeaningofamorespecificwordisincludedinthatofanothermoregeneralword.Thesespecificwordsareknownashyponyms.Forinstance,tulipandrosearehyponymsofflower.Thegeneralwordfloweristhesuperordinatetermandthespecificonestulipandrosearethesubordinateterms.

38.Extensionofmeaning（generalization）--isatermreferringtothewideningofmeaning.Itisaprocessbywhichawordwhichoriginallyhadaspecializedmeaninghasnowbecomegeneralized."Picture",forexample,originallydenotedmere"painting",butnowhascometoinclude"drawings"andeven"photographs".

39.Narrowingofmeaning（specialization）--isatermreferringtotheshrinkingofmeaning.Itisaprocessbywhichawordofwidemeaningacquiresanarrowerorspecializedsense.

E.g.WhengaragewasfirstborrowedfromFrench,itmeantsimply"anysafeplace"butnow"aplaceforstoringcars".

40.Elevationorameliora