研究生英语课程unit7.docx

研究生英语课程unit7.docx

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研究生英语课程unit7

Unit7

TextA

II.Languagepoints

1.Duringthesecondhalfofthetwentiethcentury,theimpactofsocialandenvironmentalfactorsoninfectiousdiseaseoutbreakshasbeengreatlyamplifiedbythedoublingoftheworld’spopulation,acceleratingmostrapidlyinthedevelopingcountriesofthetropicsandsubtropics,whereinfectiousdiseasescontinuedtohaveahold.（Para.1）Duringthesecondhalfofthetwentiethcentury,socialandenvironmentalfactorshavehadanincreasinglystrongimpactoninfectiousdiseaseoutbreaks,duetothesharpincreaseintheworld’spopulation,whichgrowsmostrapidlyinthedevelopingcountriesofthetropicsandsubtropics,whereinfectiousdiseasescontinuedtocausesuffering.

amplifyv.toincreasesth.instrength

e.g.Amanufacturercanamplifythedemandofaproductbyadvertisingwidely.

acceleratev.tostarttogofaster

e.g.Wemustseizeallopportunitiestoacceleratedevelopment.

2.Rural–urbanmigrationhasresultedininadequacyofsanitation,crowdedlivingconditionsandotherbasicinfrastructureissuesassociatedwithpopulationgrowth.（Para.1）Largenumbersofpeoplehavemovedfromthecountrysidetocities,causingproblemssuchasdirtyandcrowdedlivingconditionsandlackofbasicandnecessarypublicservicesystems.

migration:

n.themovementoflargenumbersofpeople,birdsoranimalsfromoneplacetoanother

e.g.theseasonalmigrationofbirds

sanitation:

n.theequipmentandsystemsthatkeepplacesclean,especiallybyremovinghumanwaste

infrastructure:

n.thebasicsystemsandservicesthatarenecessaryforacountryoranorganization

e.g.BasicinfrastructureinmanyAsianeconomiesremainsinadequate.

3.Ithasthuscontributedtotheresurgenceofmanydiseases,suchastuberculosis,cholera,typhoid,andplague,thataretransmittedwhenlivingconditionsandhygienearesub-standard,andwhenovercrowdingoccurs.（Para.1）Ithasthusresultedinmanydiseasescomingbackagain,suchastuberculosis,cholera,typhoid,andplague,whicharespreadwhenpeopleliveincrowdsanddonothavecleanandproperlivingconditions.

resurgence:

n.thereturnandgrowthofanactivitythathadstopped

e.g.TheUnitedNationsispoisedforaresurgence,arenaissancewithnewbloodandnewpeopleandnewideasandnewleadership.

hygiene:

n.thepracticeofkeepingyourselfandyourlivingandworkingareascleaninordertopreventillnessanddisease

4.Cholera,thoughttohavebeenintroducedintoPeruin1990bybilgepumpedfromafreightship,resultedinurbanepidemicsinPeruandpartsofLatinAmericawhereithadpreviouslybeenquiescentforover100years.（Para.1）ExpertsbelievethatcholerawasintroducedintoPeruin1990bythedirtywaterthathadcollectedinthebottompartofafreightship,whichbecamewidespreadincitiesinPeruandpartsofLatinAmerica,wherethediseasehadpreviouslybeeninactiveforover100years.

bilge:

n.（thedirtywatercollectedin）thebottompartofafreightship

epidemic:

n.alargenumberofcasesofaparticulardiseasehappeningatthesametimeina

particularcommunity

e.g.Preventionisthemostcriticalelementinslowingthe

spreadofthisdevastatingepidemic.

quiescent:

n.quiet,notactive;（ofadisease,etc.）notdeveloping

e.g.Itisunlikelythatsuchanextremistorganizationwillremainquiescentforlong.

5.Behaviorssuchasoverorunderprescribingofantibioticsbyhealthworkers,andexcessivedemandforantibioticsbythegeneralpopulation,havehadaremarkableimpactontheselectionandsurvivalofresistantmicrobes,rapidlyincreasinglevelsofmicrobialresistance.（Para.2）Behaviorssuchasdoctorsgivingpatientsantibioticstoooftenorbelownecessaryamounts,commonpeopledependingtoomuchonantibiotics,haveweakenedtheeffectsofantibiotics,thuscausingantibioticstofailtokillsomeofthemicrobeswhichtheantibioticsareoriginallysupposedtokill.

prescribe:

v.（ofadoctor）totellsomebodytotakeaparticularmedicineorhaveaparticulartreatment;towriteaprescriptionforaparticularmedicine,etc.

e.g.Doctorsusuallyprescriberadiotherapyforcancerpatients.

6.Drug-resistantmicrobeshavethenspreadfrompersontopersonandgeographically,raisingtheprospectthatcommoninfectiousdiseasescouldbecomeprohibitivelyexpensiveorimpossibletotreat.（Para.2）Microbesthattheantibioticshavefailedtokillhavethenspreadfrompersontopersonandfromoneplacetoanother,makingthesituationlikelythatcommoninfectiousdiseasescouldbecomemuchtoocostlyandimpossibletotreat.

prohibitive:

a.（ofapriceoracost）sohighthatitpreventspeoplefrombuyingsth.ordoingsth.

e.g.Theprojectwasabandonedbecauseofprohibitivecosts.

prohibitivelyad.

e.g.Givingeverypatientanannualanti-fluinjectionwouldbeprohibitivelyexpensive.

7.Thebacterialinfectionsthatcontributemosttohumandiseasearealsothoseinwhichemergingresistanceisofmostconcern...（Para.2）Ofallthebacterialinfectionsthatcontributemosttohumandisease,increasingresistanceofbacteriatoantibioticsisthefactorthatpeopleareworriedaboutmost.

8.…ahostofhospital-acquiredinfectionsthatarenotoriouslydifficultandexpensivetotreat.（Para.2）...alargenumberofinfectionsspreadtopeopleinahospitalarewell-knowntobedifficultandexpensivetotreat.

ahostofalargenumberof

e.g.Ahostofcollegestudentsparticipatedintheenvironmentalprotectionorganization.

notoriouslyad.toanotoriousdegree

e.g.Butexpertsbelievetheyhavenowfinallysolvedthetrickyquestionofwhywinterisnotoriouslyknownasthefluseason.

9.Mostalarmingofallaremicrobesthathavenowaccumulatedresistancegenestovirtuallyallcurrentlyavailableantimicrobialdrugs...（Para.2）Whatismostterribleisthatsomemicrobeshavenowdevelopedgeneswhichescapethekillingeffectsofalmostallcurrentlyavailableantibiotics...

10.Trendsintourism,withtouristspenetratingdeepintotropicalforests,oftenwithoutappropriateprotectionagainstinsectbitesorvaccination,resultinimportationsofmalariaandyellowfevertoindustrializedcountries.（Para.3）Tendenciesintourism,withtouriststravelingdeepintotropicalforests,oftenwithoutnecessaryandenoughprotectionagainstinsectbitesorvaccination,resultinmalariaandyellowfeverthatwilllaterbeintroducedintoindustrializedcountries.

penetrateinto/through/totogointoorthroughsth.

e.g.Oncethepersonwhopracticesmeditationachievesastrongandpowerfulconcentration,hismindisreadytopenetrateandseeintotheultimatenatureofreality,eventuallyobtainingreleasefromallsuffering.

importationn.theact,business,orprocessofimportinggoodsorservicesoranimportedproductorservice

e.g.Thesecommoditiesareonlypermittedforimportationunderlicense.

11.Atthesametime,weakinfectioncontrolproceduresbyhealthworkershavecausedtheamplificationoftransmissioninoutbreakssuchasEbolatohealthworkersandtheircontactsinsub-SaharanAfrica,andhepatitisandsevereacuterespiratorysyndrome（SARS）tohealthworkersandthosewithwhomtheyhavecontactinbothdevelopingandindustrializedcountries.（Para.3）Atthesametime,medicalworkersfailtocontrolinfectionsveryefficiently,thusleadingtoquickandwidespreadoutbreakssuchasEbola,hepatitisandSARSthatinfectnotonlyhealthworkersthemselvesbutalsothosewhomtheyhavecomeintocontactwith,fromAfricatobothdevelopingandindustrializedcountries.

12.Humandisturbanceandalternationofecologicalzonesthroughouttheworldhasincreasedthefrequencywithwhichmicrobes,usuallyconfinedtoanimals,crossthespeciesbarriertoinfecthumans.（Para.4）Humanshavebrokenthebalanceofnatureandhavegreatlychangedtheecologicalsystem,whichhascausedmicrobesthatusedtoberestrictedtoanimalstofurtherspreadtootherspeciestoinfecthumans.

confinedtorestrictedto

e.g.Confinedtobed,sheneededtobewaitedonineverything.

13.Deforestationdisruptsnaturalhabitatsofanimals,andcanforceanimals,searchingforfood,intoclosercontactwithhumans.（Para.4）Humanbeingshavecutdownforests,destroyingthenaturalhomesofanimalsandforcingthehomelessandhungryanimalstocomeclosertohumans.

14.InLatinAmerica,Chagasdiseaseemergedasanimportanthumandiseaseafterdeforestationcausedtheinsectthattransmitstheinfectiontomovefromitswildnaturalhoststoinvolvehumansanddomesticanimalsinthetransmissioncycle,eventuallytransformingthediseaseintoanurbaninfectionthatcannowalsobetransmittedbybloodtransfusion.（Para.5）InLatinAmerica,Chagasdiseaseoccurredasathreateninghumandiseaseafterhumansdestroyedtheforestsandcausedtheinsectthatspreadstheinfectiontomovefromthewildanimalsitusedtofeedontoinfecthumansandanimalstheyraiseintheirhouses.Thediseasefinallychangedintoanurbaninfectionthatcannowbespreadduringtheprocessofputtingnewbloodintothebodyofapatient.

host:

n.ananimaloraplantonwhichanotheranimalorplantlivesandfeeds

transfusion:

n.theprocessofputtingnewbloodintothebodyofapersonorananimal

e.g.Thepatientgotroundafterabloodtransfusion.

15.Climateextremes,whetherinvolvingexcessiverainfallordrought,canlikewisedisplaceanimalspeciesandbringthemintoclosercontactwithhumansettlements,orincreasevectorbreedingsites.（Para.6）Extremelybadweather,whetheritisheavyrainorseveredrought,canalsomakeanimalsmovefromoneplacetoanother,andbringthemclosertohumans,ormakehelpful