0ooeecp.docx
《0ooeecp.docx》由会员分享,可在线阅读,更多相关《0ooeecp.docx(12页珍藏版)》请在冰点文库上搜索。
0ooeecp
、
.~
1我们‖打〈败〉了敌人。
②我们‖〔把敌人〕打〈败〉了。
TIPSFORINCREASINGREADINGSPEED
Asoureyesmoveacrossthepagetheymakeaseriesofjerkymovements.Whenevertheycometorestonawordthatiscalledafixation.Mostpeoplefixateonceoneachwordacrossalineofprint. Inordertomakeourspeedincreasewemusttakeinmorewordswitheachfixation,ratherthanmakeoureyesmovefaster.
1.Trytoavoidfocusingoneveryword,butratherlookatgroupsof2to3words.Forinstance,thissentencecouldbegroupedinthismanner:
forinstance/thissentence/couldbegrouped/inthismanner'
2.Workonvocabularyimprovement.Familiarizeyourselfwithnewwordssoyoudon'tgetstuckonthemwhenyoureadthemagain.
3.Readmore!
15minutesadayofreadinganaveragesizenovelequals18booksayearatanaveragereadingspeed!
4.Determineyourpurposebeforereading.Ifyouonlyneedmainideas,thenallowyourselftoskimthematerial.Don'tfeelyoumustreadveryword.
5.Spendafewminutesadayreadingatafasterthancomfortablerate(about2to3timesfasterthanyournormalspeed).Useyourhandoranindexcardtoguideyoureyesdownthepage.Thentimeyourselfreadingafewpagesatyournormalspeed.You'llfindthatoftenyournormalreadingspeedwillincreaseafteryourskimmingpractice.
6. Ifyouhavepoorconcentrationwhenreading,practicereadingforonly5-10minutesatatimeandgraduallyincreasethistime.
7.Thereareseveralbooksonincreasingreadingspeedavailableinmostbookstores.Ifyouareseriousaboutincreasingyourrateyoumaywanttoworksystematicallythroughoneofthesebooks
SUGGESTIONSFORIMPROVINGREADINGSPEED
ImprovementofReadingRate
Itissafetosaythatalmostanyonecandoublehisspeedofreadingwhilemaintainingequalorevenhighercomprehension.Inotherwords,anyonecanimprovethespeedwithwhichhegetswhathewantsfromhisreading.
Theaveragecollegestudentreadsbetween250and350wordsperminuteonfictionandnon-technicalmaterials.A"good"readingspeedisaround500to700wordsperminute,butsomepeoplecanreadathousandwordsperminuteorevenfasteronthesematerials.Whatmakesthedifference?
Therearethreemainfactorsinvolvedinimprovingreadingspeed:
(1)thedesiretoimprove,
(2)thewillingnesstotrynewtechniquesand(3)themotivationtopractice.:
Learningtoreadrapidlyandwellpresupposesthatyouhavethenecessaryvocabularyandcomprehensionskills.Whenyouhaveadvancedonthereadingcomprehensionmaterialstoalevelatwhichyoucanunderstandcollege-levelmaterials,youwillbereadytospeedreadingpracticeinearnest.
TheRoleofSpeedintheReadingProcess
Understandingtheroleofspeedinthereadingprocessisessential.Researchhasshownacloserelationbetweenspeedandunderstanding.Forexample,incheckingprogresschartsofthousandsofindividualstakingreadingtraining,ithasbeenfoundinmostcasesthatanincreaseinratehasbeenparalleledbyanincreaseincomprehension,andthatwhereratehasgonedown,comprehensionhasalsodecreased.
Althoughthereisatpresentlittlestatisticalevidence,itseemsthatploddingword-by-wordanalysis(orwordreading)inhibitsunderstanding.Thereissomereasontobelievethatthefactorsproducingslowreadingarealsoinvolvedinloweredcomprehension.Mostadultsareabletoincreasetheirrateofreadingconsiderablyandratherquicklywithoutloweringcomprehension.Thesesameindividualsseldomshowanincreaseincomprehensionwhentheyreducetheirrate.Inothercases,comprehensionisactuallybetterathigherratesofspeed.Suchresults,ofcourse,areheavilydependentuponthemethodusedtogaintheincreasedrate.Simplyreadingmorerapidlywithoutactualimprovementinbasicreadinghabitsusuallyresultsinloweredcomprehension.
FactorsthatReduceReadingRate
Someofthefactswhichreducereadingrate:
(a)limitedperceptualspani.e.,word-by-wordreading;(b)slowperceptualreactiontime,i.e.,slownessofrecognitionandresponsetothematerial;(c)vocalization,includingtheneedtovocalizeinordertoachievecomprehension;(d)faultyeyemovements,includinginaccuracyinplacementofthepage,inreturnsweep,inrhythmandregularityofmovement,etc.;(e)regression,bothhabitualandasassociatedwithhabitsofconcentration;(f)faultyhabitsofattentionandconcentration,beginningwithsimpleinattentionduringthereadingactandfaultyprocessesofretention;(g)lackofpracticeinreading,duesimplytothefactthatthepersonhasreadverylittleandhaslimitedreadinginterestssothatverylittlereadingispracticedinthedailyorweeklyschedule;(h)fearoflosingcomprehension,causingthepersontosuppresshisratedeliberatelyinthefirmbeliefthatcomprehensionisimprovedifhespendsmoretimeontheindividualwords;(i)habitualslowreading,inwhichthepersoncannotreadfasterbecausehehasalwaysreadslowly,(j)poorevaluationofwhichaspectsareimportantandwhichareunimportant;and(k)theefforttoremembereverythingratherthantorememberselectively.
Sincetheseconditionsactalsotoreducecomprehensionincreasingthereadingratethrougheliminatingthemislikelytoresultinincreasedcomprehensionaswell.Thisisanentirelydifferentmatterfromsimplyspeedinguptherateofreadingwithoutreferencetotheconditionsresponsiblefortheslowrate.Infact,simplyspeedingtherateespeciallythroughforcedacceleration,mayactuallyresult,andoftendoes,inmakingtherealreadingproblemmoresevere.Inaddition,forcedaccelerationmayevendestroyconfidenceinabilitytoread.Theobvioussolutionthenistoincreaserateasapartofatotalimprovementofthewholereadingprocess.Thisisafunctionofspecialtrainingprogramsinreading.
BasicConditionsforIncreasedReadingRate
Awellplannedprogrampreparesformaximumincreaseinratebyestablishingthenecessaryconditions.Fourbasicconditionsinclude:
1.Haveyoureyeschecked.Beforeembarkingonaspeedreadingprogram,makesurethatanycorrectableeyedefectsyoumayhavearetakencareofbycheckingwithyoureyedoctor.Often,veryslowreadingisrelatedtouncorrectedeyedefects.
2.Eliminatethehabitofpronouncingwordsasyouread.Ifyousoundoutwordsinyourthroatorwhisperthem,youcanreadslightlyonlyasfastasyoucanreadaloud.Youshouldbeabletoreadmostmaterialsatleasttwoorthreetimesfastersilentlythanorally.Ifyouareawareofsoundingor"hearing"wordsasyouread,trytoconcentrateonkeywordsandmeaningfulideasasyouforceyourselftoreadfaster.
3.Avoidregressing(rereading).Theaveragestudentreadingat250wordsperminuteregressesorrereadsabout20timesperpage.Rereadingwordsandphrasesisahabitwhichwillslowyourreadingspeeddowntoasnail'space.Usually,itisunnecessarytorereadwords,fortheideasyouwantareexplainedandelaboratedmorefullyinlatercontexts.Furthermore,theslowestreaderusuallyregressesmostfrequently.Becausehereadsslowly,hismindhastimetowanderandhisrereadingreflectsbothhisinabilitytoconcentrateandhislackofconfidenceinhiscomprehensionskills.
4.Developawidereye-span.Thiswillhelpyoureadmorethanonewordataglance.Sincewrittenmaterialislessmeaningfulifreadwordbyword,thiswillhelpyoulearntoreadbyphrasesorthoughtunits.
RateAdjustment
Poorresultsareinevitableifthereaderattemptstousethesamerateindiscriminatelyfora-1typesofmaterialandforallreadingpurposes.Hemustlearntoadjusthisratetohispurposeinreadingandtothedifficultyofthematerialheisreading.Thisrangesfromamaximumrateoneasy,familiar,interestingmaterialorinreadingtogatherinformationonaparticularpoint,tominimalrateonmaterialwhichisunfamiliarincontentandlanguagestructureorwhichmustbethoroughlydigested.Theeffectivereaderadjustshisrate;theineffectivereaderusesthesamerateforalltypesofmaterial.
Rateadjustmentmaybeoveralladjustmenttothearticleasawhole,orinternaladjustmentwithinthearticle.Overalladjustmentestablishesthebasicrateatwhichthetotalarticleisread;internaladjustmentinvolvesthenecessaryvariationsinrateforeachvariedpartofthematerial.Asananalogy,youplantotakea100-milemountaintrip.Sincethiswillbearelativelyharddrivewithhills,curves,andamountainpass,youdecidetotakethreehoursforthetotaltrip,averagingabout35milesanhour.Thisisyouroverallrateadjustment.However,inactualdrivingyoumayslowdowntonomorethan15milesperhouronsomecurvesandhills,whilespeedingupto50milesperhourormoreonrelativelystraightandlevelsections.Thisisyourinternalrateadjustment.Thereisnosetrate,therefore,whichthegoodreaderfollowsinflexiblyinreadingaparticularselection,eventhoughhehassethimselfanoverallrateforthetotaljob.
Overallrateadjustmentshouldbebasedonyourreadingplan,yourreadingpurpose,andthenatureanddifficultyofthematerial.Thereadingplanitselfshouldspecifythegeneralratetobeused.Thisisbasedonthetotal"sizeup".Itmaybehelpfultoconsiderexamplesofhowpurposecanacttohelpdeterminetheratetobeused.Tounderstandinformation,skimorscanatarapidrate.Todeterminevalueofmaterialortoreadforenjoyment,readrapidlyorslowlyaccordingtoyoufeeling.Toreadanalytically,readatamoderatepacetopermitinterrelatingideas.Thenatureanddifficultyofthematerialrequiresanadjustmentinrateinconformitywithyourabilitytohandleth