论文中西方餐桌礼仪对比英文版.docx
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论文中西方餐桌礼仪对比英文版
Abstract
ThispapermainlyfocusesonthedifferencesoftablemannersofChinaandWesterncountries.Inourmodernsociety,thecross-culturecommunicationbetweenChinaandWesterncountriesbecomesahotissueandtheinfluencesofChineseandWesternetiquetteareincreasinglyprofound,whichcausesthedifferencesintablemanners.Inthispaper,weattachmoreimportancetothedifferenttablemannersofChinaandWesterncountries,suchas,thedifferentwayspeoplesitforameal,differentdiningconceptsanddifferenttablewaresandsoon.Meanwhile,ithelpsusunderstandthesituation.Inthisway,wecanknowwellthewesterncountries’culturalbackground,andcansetupaharmoniousrelationshipwiththewesterns.
KeyWords:
tablemanners,culturalbackground,tableculture
摘要
本文主要讲中西方餐桌礼仪的不同点和相同点.在当今社会,随着中西方跨文化交流的平凡以及中西方礼仪的影响加深,导致双方餐桌礼仪方面的差异产生.本文着重于比较中西方在餐桌礼仪.例如,就餐是人们不同的入座方式,不同的饮食概念以及不同的餐具等等.此外还会指出不同国家中的一些用餐禁忌来帮助人们更好的理解餐桌礼仪。
通过此法,我们可以更加了解西方国家的文化背景,并且建立起良好的关系。
关键词:
餐桌礼仪,文化背景,餐桌文化
CONTENTS
Acknowledgements…..................................................................…………………………...…….i
Abstract…..................................................................………………………..................................ii
摘要…............................................…….........................................................................................iii
1Introduction…................................…………………………………………………….............1
2Defenceoftablemanners.........................................................................................................2
2.1Arrangementofseat..................................................………………..........…………...............2
2.1.1ArrangementofseatinChineseway
2.1.2Arrangementofseatinwesternway
2.1.3Thereasonofseatarrangement
2.2Tablewares…...................................................................……..................................................4
2.2.1HowtouseandwheretoputChinesetablewares
2.2.2Howtouseandwheretoputwesterntableware
2.2.3Reasonsthatcausethedifferencesoftablewares
2.3Therightorderofdishup...........................................................................................................8
2.3.1Chineseorder
2.3.2Westernorder
2.3.3Differentvaluethatreflectedbythoseorder
2.4Differentatmospheresattable..................................................................................................10
2.5Thewaytofinisheating............................................................................................................11
3Conclusion…...............................…………….………………………….……………………..12
Bibliography…............................................……………...………………………………………13
1.Introduction
Withthedevelopmentofglobaleconomy,cross-culturecommunicationhasbecomemoreandmorefrequent,andthedifferencesbetweenChineseandwesternculturehavebecomemoreobvious,especiallythedifferencesoftablemanners.
Havingdinnerismorethanthebasicnecessityoflife.Instead,havingdinnerisanimportantpartofsocialformulae.“JohnLoke,afamousBritishphilosopheroncesaid,thepurposeofplayingaceremonialroleistochangetheoriginalstubborntogentle,sothatpeople’stempercanbecomemoremoderateandletpeoplelearntorespectforothersandgetalongwitheachothers.”(Duan,Chen,2008)Thereisnodoubtthatsometimessomestrangersbecomeacquaintances,thoseacquaintancesgetabetterunderstandingoftheothereventothegerminationoflove.Becausetablemannerissofantasticthatitdoesusafavoronacquiringmoreinformation,openingupeyesightandexpandingthecircleofcommunication.Itisobviousthattablemannersarequiteimportantinpeople’severydaylife.TherearenumberlessdifferencesbetweenChineseandwesternfoodcultures,andthosedifferencescausethedifferencesoftablemanners.
Chinaisoneofthefourearliestcivilizationsintheworld.Chinesenationistheonlyinheritancemillenniumcivilization.WesternsocietywentthroughthedarknessofMiddleAgesandthencametoRenaissance,gavebirthtocapitalismandmoderncivilization.Today,withtheeconomicglobalization,internationalcommercialactivitieshavebecomemoreandmorefrequentlyandcross-culturecommunicationhascomeintoeverynation’sdailylife.Ininternationalcommercialnegotiations,Chineserepresentativesmighthavedinnerswithforeignrepresentatives,whileindailylifewemightbeinvitedtodinnersbyforeignfriends.Thispapermainlytalksaboutthedifferencesoftablemannersbetweentwocultures,toanalyzethecauses,aimtoachievecross-culturecommunicationmoresuccessfully.
2.Differencesoftablemanners
“Socialcustomsdiffergreatlyfromonecountrytoanother.Itisthereforeimpossibletogiveguidelinesthatareuniversallyapplicable.Generallyspeaking,youshouldactnaturally,alwaysremainingfriendly,courteous,anddignified.”(Qian,2006)
ThecoreideologyofChinesecultureiscollectiveconsciousnesswhilethewesternthoughtcoreisindividualism.Sowhenwesternpeopleareinvitedtodinnerorparty,theyordertheirownfoodanddrinktheirownwine,toavoidworkingtheirwillstootherpeople.WhileChinesepeoplewouldconsideritasunreasonablebehaviorbecauseinChineseculture,individualmustobeycollectiveconsciousness.Chinesepeoplevalueharmonization,andthereisanoldsayingthat“Harmonyismostprecious.”SoChinesepeopleliketodinetogetherandeattogether.
2.1Arrangementofseat
2.1.1ArrangementofseatinChineseway
Chinesepeoplealwayschooseroundtableswhenentertainingfriends.TherearelotsofrulesinChinaaboutwheretoputtheroundtableandwhichseattakesprecedenceonthesametable.
InChina,peopleusedtousethenumberofthetablestodefinethesizeofbanquet.Insmallbanquetswhichhavetwotables,thetableontheleftorfarthertotheportalisthetoptable.Atbiggerbanquetsthathavethreeormoretables,therulesaremuchmorecomplicated.Thetoptableisalwaysontherighthandandfarthesttotheportal.Besides,thedistancetothetoptableisalsotakenintoconsideration.Generally,seatsthatclosertothetoptabletakeprecedence.Forexample,ontheweddingparty,familymembersofthebrideortheleadershipsarearrangedtothetablethatclosesttothetoptable.Hostsshowtheirreverencestotheguestsbyarrangingseatsbythisway.
Seatsatonetablealsohavedifferentmeanings.InChinesetablemanner,theseatoppositetothedooristhehonorseat,whichisforchiefguestsorelders;theseatsbesidearethesecondhonorseatwhichareforotherguests;theseatsthatoppositetothehonorseataretheinferiorseat.Inferiorseatsareforthehostandhostess.Sobeforethebanquet,hostsshouldfirstinvitethechiefguestorelderstothehonorseat,andtheninviteothergueststothesecondhonorseat.Hostssitdownontheinferiorseatsafteralltheguestssitdown.
2.1.2Arrangementofseatinwesternway
Westernpeopleperferlongtabletoroundtablewhenentertainingfriends.Thehostandthehostessseatatbothendofthetable,whileguestsseatatotherseats.Menandwomenarearrangedtoseatalternately.Thechiefguestsitsattheupperrightsideofthehostess,andthewifeofthechiefguestseatsattheupperrightsideofthehost.Westerngentlemenareveryparticularabout“Ladyfirst”,theyarealwayshospitabletoladies.InChina,leftishonorandrightissecondary;middleishonorandslantissecondary.Whileinwestern,rightishonorandleftissecondary.
Theproperwaytotaketheseatinwesternistositbythelefthand.Elbowscanneverputontothetableandhandsareforbiddentotouchfeet.Itisbetternottowalkoutbeforethebanquetisfinished(unlessyoureallyneedto).Duringthedinner,itisbettertositstraightly.
2.1.3Thereasonofseatarrangement
ThemainideologyinChinesecultureisgroupconsciousness,andChinesepeoplebelievethatindividualconsciousnessshouldobeygroupconsciousness.SoChinesepeoplechooseroundtablesforbanquets.Whensittingaroundroundtables,peoplecantalktoeachotherfreelyandtheatmospherecanbeverypulsating.Asthenationofetiquette,Chinesepeoplelayemphasisonpietyandhonesty,andreveringelderswhilecaringtheyoungisoneofthetraditionalvirtues.Socomeouttherulesforseatarrangement.Whileinwesternculture,themainideoloyisindividualconsciousness.Theybelievethateverybody’sbehaviorhastheirownmeaningandvalue,andpersonalabilitiesarereflectedbythosebehaviors.Westernphilosophyplacesextraemphasisonindividualconsciousness,developmentandselfexpression.Theybelievethateverybodyequals,sotheyliketouselongtablesanddonothavesomanycomplicatedrulesforseatarrangementasChinesepeopledo.
2.2Tablewares
2.2.1HowtouseandwheretoputChinesetablewares
Chinesetablewaresinvolvechopsticks,smalldish,bowlandglass.Atformalbanquets,glassisputontheupperleftoftheplate,whilewineglassontheupperright.Chopsticksandspoonarealwaysputtogetherontherighthandoftheplate.Toothpickandashtrayarealsonecessary.
2.2.1.1Chopsticks
ChopsticksarethemaintablewaresinChinesefoodculture,theyalwaysappearincouple.It’sbetternottolickchopsticks(whethertherearedregsoffoodornot)beforeyoupickfoodfromtheplates.Usingchopsticksthatlickedtopickupfoodisveryimpoliteandwillmakeotherguestsfeelsick.Itisalsobadmannertotalkwithchopsticksinhand,orevenbrandishchopsticks.Thethirdbadmannerofusingchopsticksistoinsertchopstickss