雅思英语基本句型.docx
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雅思英语基本句型
前言
在一些高级英语考试当中,如托福、雅思、GRE和GMAT中,动辄好几行的长句子难
免让人感到头痛。
本系列试图将构成长句子的各种因素逐一拆解,给大家一个清晰的
思路,以使大家用最少的阅读次数读懂长句。
需要大家注意的是,一个真正复杂的句子通常都是好几种语法结构的组合,所以,大
家只有对每种情况都非常熟悉,才能确保思路不断。
另外,文中所有的译文,都仅用来供大家核对自己的理解是否合理,而不是严格意义
上的“翻译”。
我们的目的是最好的理解,而不是最完美的翻译,毕竟翻译是另一门学问
了。
大量的阅读也是良好写作能力的基石,试想有哪个阅读量为零的人能写出漂亮的文章
呢?
因此大家在理解长句的基础上,应该设法把各种语法特点用在自己的写作过程之
中。
第一章“先主后次”原则和介词短语后置
汉语的表达思维通常是“先次后主”原则。
如:
关于石油的真正争议是它对挪威生活方式的威胁。
1.TherealargumentoveroilisitsthreattotheNorwegianwayoflife.
又如:
研究这些新材料的关键在于研究人员与日俱增的在分子水平控制物质的能
力。
2.Thekeytotheresearchofthenewmaterialsisresearchers’increasingabilityto
manipulatesubstancesatthemolecularlevel.
有时,修饰成分也可以被其他内容所修饰而成为被修饰成分,就产生了介词的接连出
现,于是句子变长了。
如:
通过用某些超龄的驱逐舰交换在西半球的英国领地建设美军基地的权利,美
国帮助了英国。
3.TheU.S.helpedBritainbyexchangingcertainoveragedestroyersfortherightto
establishAmericanbasesinBritishterritoryintheWesternHemisphere.
再如:
年轻一代的教育的主要目的之一是为未来的市民配备他们在成年社会所需要的一
切。
4.Oneofthechiefaimsofeducationsoftheyoungergenerationistoequipfuture
citizenswithalltheyrequiretotaketheirplaceinadultsociety.
4
名词后的介词短语通常用来修饰前面的名词,但要注意区分动词短语中的介词与起修
饰作用的介词结构的区分,同时一些常用的名词/动词与介词的固定搭配也需要牢记,
才能正确的应用到自己的作文中。
后置定语练习:
1.theresearchliteratureonleft-handedness
2.nineoutoftenpeople
3.ageneticorinheritedelementtohandedness
4.about6percentofchildrenwithtworight-handedparents
5.off-springwiththesamehandedness
6.paralysisoftherighthalfoftheirbody.
7.abrainresearcherattheAustralianNationalUniversityinCanberra
8.finecontrolofmovement
9.somecapacityintherighthemisphere
10.therecoveryofspeech
11.herstudiesofmacaquemonkeys
12.atrendinmonkeystowardstheasymmetry
13.aclearerimageofsmallerandsmallerobjects
14.detailedimagingoftheinnerworkingsofcells
15.theinventionoftheribbonmachinebyCorninginthe1920s
16.oneofthegreatmechanicalachievementsofalltime
17.amovingbeltofsteel
18.Thesecretoftheversatilityofglass
19.theatomsintherawmaterials
20.meetingfacilitiesinSydney'ssouthernsuburbs
21.anorganisationalstructurewithonlythreelevelsofmanagement
22.apreferenceforpeoplewithsome'service'experience
23.Thebalanceofthepositionsatthehotel
24.peoplefromallthreecategories
25.greatermanagementflexibilityduringpeakandquiettimes
26.ThemostcrucialwayofimprovingthelabourcoststructureatSAH
27.moreproductivewaysofprovidingcustomerservice
28.theirownsuggestionsforimprovement
29.Tradeoutsidethecity
30.Estimatesoftheratioofbasictoserviceworkers
31.lowerManhattanbetweentworivermouths
32.anunrealisticoptimismaboutthenatureofthezooindustry
33.aseriousunderestimateofthetotalnumberofplaces
34.Aprevalentattitudeamongstmanynursesinthegroup
35.thelevelofabsenteeismamongstthe250RegisteredanEnrolledNursesinthe
presentstudy
36.incentivesfromlocalbusinesses
37.thewardwiththelowestabsencerate
38.workingschedulewithinthelimitsofclinicalneeds
39.thepatternofabsenceofstaffwithexcessivesickleave
40.a5percentdecreasefromthefirsttothesecondyearofthestudy.
41.Asignificantdecreaseinabsenceoverthetwo-yearperiod
42.helong-termeffectsofincentiveawardsonabsenteeism
43.significantimprovementsincommunicationbetweenmanagersandstaff
44.implementationofthethirdstrategy
45.concentrationofvehicles
46.airqualityinurbanareas
47.90percentofinlandfreightintheUnitedKingdom
48.theoldmodesoftransport
49.lifewithoutacar
50.Massuseofmotorvehicles
51.A1993studybytheEuropeanFederationforTransportandEnvironment
52.fuelefficiencyofengines
53.Betterintegrationoftransportsystems
54.Thefruitlesssearchforthecauseoftheincreaseinilliteracyisatragicexample
ofthesaying'Theycan'tseethewoodforthetrees'.
55.Theteacher'staskofimprovingcomprehension
5
56.influencesoutsidetheclassroom
57.bookswithpictures
58.newhopeofliberationfromtheshadowsofcancer
59.everysinglegenewithinthedoublehelixofhumanity'sDNA
60.newformsofdiscriminationandnewmethodsofoppression
61.avarietyofspecieswithoverlappingperiodsofactivity.
62.anintegralpartofthesuccessfulmanagementofdairyfarmsinAustraliaover
thepastfewdecades
固定搭配
1.turnedtothebrainforclues
2.anumberofthings
3.disposeofthatunwantedmaterial.
4.processinformationbymeansoflight
5.hundredsoftimes
6.takeadvantageoftheneedforbreakingupthebulkmaterial
7.Goodlocalgovernmentisalreadybringingthisaboutinsomeplaces.
8.Butfewdemocraticcommunitiesareblessedwiththevision-andthecapital-to
makesuchprofoundchangesinmodernlifestyles.
9.Amorelikelyscenarioseemstobeacombinationofmasstransitsystemsfor
travelintoandaroundcities,withsmall'lowemission'carsforurbanuseand
largerhybridorleanburncarsforuseelsewhere.
10.ThereisagreatconcerninEuropeandNorthAmericaaboutdeclining
standardsofliteracyinschools.
11.declineinliteracy.
12.agreatdealofempiricalevidenceshowsthatpicturesinterfereinadamaging
waywithallaspectsoflearningtoread.
13.preventschildrenyoungerthanninefromcreatingamentalimage
14.Itishardtoweanchildrenoffpicturebooks
15.anarrowfocusondisease
16.senseofvalues
17.freehumanityfromtheterriblescourgeofdiversediseases
18.Manycharacteristics,suchasheightandintelligence,resultnotfromtheaction
ofgenesalone,butfromsubtleinteractionsbetweengenesandthe
environment.
19.thebeetlestodisposeofthedung
综合应用
1.learnahandpreferencefromtheirmotherinthefirstyearoflife
2.thespecialisationinfunctionofthetwohemispheresresultsinanatomical
differences
3.Everybrainisinitiallyfemaleinitsorganisation.
4.attitudestowardsleft-handedpeoplearegraduallychangingforthebetter
5.anewtypeofglassfashionedofnuclearwasteinordertodisposeofthat
unwantedmaterial.
6.thecostofonewasequivalenttohalfaday‘spayfortheaverageworker
7.theatomsintherawmaterialsaredisturbedfromtheirnormalpositioninthe
molecularstructure
8.Glassasinstantcurtainsisavailablenow.
9.difficultiesinAustraliainprovidinglong-termprofitsforhotelowners
6
第二章定语从句
修饰名词的成分叫作“定语”,如果这个修饰成分由句子充当,则称为“定语从句”。
根据“先主后次”原则,定语从句只能位于被修饰成分之后,这也给中国考生带来了
一些障碍。
但是,英文句子的核心成分(主谓宾)的先后顺序与汉语一致,只是各个核心成分的
修饰内容,要按照英语的习惯放在被修饰内容的后面。
这有点类似中文中使用括号来
表达注解作用,例如这个句子:
昨天下午讲过的内容和今天讲的内容有点类似。
->
内容(昨天下午讲的)和内容(今天讲的)有点类似。
->
Thecontentwhichwastaughtyesterdayafternoonissomewhatsimilartothatof
today.
按这个过程下来,写出的英文就已经比较符合英语的逻辑了。
———————————————————————
现在我们看看如何理解英文含有定语从句的句子:
1.Evenamongidenticaltwinswhohaveexactlythesamegenes,oneinsixpairswill
differintheirhandedness.
逐字理解如下:
即便在同卵双胞胎(他们有完全相同的基因)中,六对中也有一对在用手习惯上
有差异。
整理后如下:
即便在有着完全相同基因的同卵双胞胎中,…。
2.It‘sasystemofsignsthatenablesustocategorisephenomenathatareessentially
ambiguous.
逐字理解如下:
这是一个符号系统(它使我们能够分类一些现象<这些现象本质上是模糊的>)。
整理后如下:
这是一个能够是我们分类一些本质上是模糊的现象的符号系统。
是不是一定要整理成最后这样才能理解呢?
我相信大部分人在明确修饰关系的前提
下,逐字理解,就足够了。
这样我们就可以避免不停的将修饰成分按中文习惯摆放在
被修饰名词的前面,从而提高了理解的效率。
所以,明确哪些是主要成分,哪些是起修饰作用的成分,并且明确了被修饰的是哪个
字,我们就可以在不重新调整各个成分的前提下,最快速的理解英文句子。
读含有定语从句的复杂句时,关键在于:
1,找到主干(主谓宾);2,明确修饰关系。
这样的话,修饰成分就可以暂时被放在你脑中的一个虚拟括号里来放在后面,用来修
饰它前面的名词。
不难看出,顺序理解的重要原因就是我们把引导词当成了一个词来
处理,以减少重新排序的情况出现:
who/that-这个人,这些人,Ta(们)
which/that-这件事,这个东西,它(们)
where-在这里,在那里
when-在这时,在那时
whose-Ta(们)的
7
例句:
Who/that:
1.Theresultsofthisresearchmaybesomeconsolationtoleft-handerswhohave
forcenturieslivedinaworldthatisdesignedtosuitright-handedpeople.
2.Thosewhopurchasedandpreparedlandforresidentialpurposesdidsoto
createdemandasmuchastorespondtoit.
3.Thisseemsanextremelyoptimisticpropositionfromamanwhomustbeaware
ofthefailingsandweaknessesofthezooindustry,themanwhohadto
persuadethezootodevotemoreofitsactivitiestoconservation.
4.Theresultsofthisresearchmaybesomeconsolationtoleft-handerswhohave
forcenturieslivedinaworlddesignedtosuitright-handedpeople.
5.Thehotelalsorecognisedthatitwouldneedadifferentapproachtoselecting
employeeswhowouldfitinwithitsnewpolicies.
Which/that:
1.Anotherthingwemustn’tforgetisthe‘smallads’whichareinvirtuallyevery
newspaperandmagazine.
2.Theicerestsonrockthatismostlywellbelowsealevel.
3.AfirmcalledKyocerahascreatedalineofceramicscissorsandknivesthatstay
sharpforyearsandneverrustorcorrode.
4.Suchapproachesarewesternattemptstotapthesamehigherintelligencethat
wecontactthroughmeditation.
5.Norwegiansseeinthemmanyofthequalitiesthattheyregardasessentially
Norwegian.
6.Thisinvolvestheinvestigationofbizarreandidiosyncraticsocialpracticeswhich
happentobedefinedasdeviantinsomesocietiesbutnotnecessarilyinothers.
7.InJapan,scientistsattheShimizuCorporationhavedeveloped"spacecreation"
systemswhichmixlight,sounds,breezesandscentstostimulatepeoplewho
spendlongperiodsbelowground.
Where:
1.InTokyobuildersareplanningamassiveundergroundcitytobebeguninthe
nextdecade,andundergroundshoppingmallsarealreadycommoninJapan,
where90percentofthepopulationissqueezedinto20percentofthe
landspace.
2.GrowingnumbersofscientiststhereforeseeAntarcticaasasensor,where
potentiallydangerousglobaltrendsmaybespottedbeforet