每章概论.docx
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每章概论
一、选择1-15;二、填空16-20*2;三、四、21-40选择连线;五、41-45名词解释*2;六、简答46-48*4;七、分析综合49-50*9
针对复习:
一、选择:
二、填空:
三、四、选择连线*****
1、typesofmorphemes:
Freemorphemes;boundmorphemes;inflectionalmorphemes.
2、typesofboundmorphemes:
Prefix;Suffix.
3、typesofidioms:
IdiomsNominalinnature;IdiomsAdjectivalinnature;IdiomsVerbalinnature;IdiomsAdverbalinnature;sentenceidioms.
4、typesofwordmeaning:
Grammaticalmeaningandlexicalmeaning;conceptualmeaningandassociativemeaning(connotativemeaning\stylistic~\affective~\collocative~)
5、idiomsstylisticfeatures:
colloquialisms;slang;literaryexpressions.
6、idiomsrhetoricalfeatures:
phoneticmanipulation(alliteration\rhyme);lexicalmanipulation(reiteration\repetition\juxtaposition);figuresofspeech(simile\metaphor\metonymy\synecdovhe\euphemism\personification)
7、typesofwordformation:
affixation;compounding;conversion;blending;clipping;acronym;back-formation;wordfrompropernames.
8、changesinwording:
extension;narrowing;elevation;degradation;transfer.
9、typesofmotivation:
morphologicalmotivated;semantic~;etymological~;onomatopoeic~
10、语系划分的标准Esternset:
Balto-Slavic(Prussian,Lithuanian,Polish,Czech,Bulgarian,SlovenianandRussian.),Indo-Iranian(Persian,Hindi),ArmenianandAlbanian;Westernset:
Celtic(Scottish,Irish,Welsh,Breton),Italic(Portuguese,Spanish,French,Italian,Roumanian),Hellenic(Greek),Germanic(Norwegian,Icelandic,DanishandSwedish,English,German).
五、41-45名词解释*2;
Lexicologyisabranchoflinguistics,inquiringintotheoriginsandmeaningsofwords.
Morphology:
thestudyofmorphemeandtheirdifferentforms.
Semantics:
thestudyofwordmeaning.
Etymology:
thestudyoftheoriginofwords,andoftheirhistoryandchangesintheirmeaning.
Stylistics:
thestudyofthevariationinlanguagewhichisdependentonthesituationinwhichthelanguageisusedandalsoontheeffectthewriterorspeakerwishestocreateonthereaderorhearer
Lexicography:
thecompilingofdictionaries.
Synchronicstudy:
thestudyofawordorwordsatoneparticularpointintime.
Diachronicstudy:
anapproachtolexicologywhichstudieshowaword(orwords)changesoveraperiodoftime.
word:
awordisaminimalfreeformofalanguagethathasagivensoundandmeaningandsyntacticfunction.
vocabulary:
Vocabularyreferstothetotalnumberofthewordsinalanguage,butitcanstandforallthewordsusedinaparticularhistoricalperiod.Vocabularyalsoreferstoallthewordsofagivendialect,givenbook,agivendisciplineandthewordspossessedbyanindividualperson.
Terminology术语consistsoftechnicaltermsusedinparticulardisciplinesandacademicareasasinmedicine:
Jargon行话referstothespecializedvocabulariesbywhichmembersofparticulararts,sciences,tradesandprofessionscommunicateamongthemselvessuchasinbusiness.
slang俚语belongstothesub-standardlanguage,acategorythatseemstostandbetweenthestandardgeneralwordsincludinginformalonesavailabletoeveryoneandin-groupwords
Argot黑话generallyreferstothejargonofcriminals.Itsuseisconfinedtothesub-culturalgroups,andoutsiderscanhardlyunderstandit,
Archaisms古词语arewordsorformsthatwereonceincommonusebutarenowrestrictedonlytospecializedorlimiteduse.
Neologisms新词语arenewly-createdwordsorexpressions,orwordsthathavetakenonnewmeanings.
denizens同化词arewordsborrowedearlyinthepastandnowarewellassimilatedintotheEnglishlanguage.
Alien非同化词areborrowedwordswhichhaveretainedtheiroriginalpronunciationandspelling.
Translation-loans.借译词Translation-loansarewordsandexpressionsformedfromtheexistingmaterialintheEnglishlanguagebutmodelledonthepatternstakenfromanotherlanguage.
Semantic-loans借义词Wordsofthiscategoryarenotborrowedwithreferencetotheform.Buttheirmeaningsareborrowed.
Contentword:
thebasicwordstockisthefoundationofthevocabulary,whichaccumulatedovercenturiesandformsthecommoncoreofthelanguage.Itisthemostimportantpartofvocabulary.
Creation:
theformationofnewwordsbyusingtheexistingmaterials,namelyroots,affixesandotherelements.Semanticchangemeansanoldformwhichtakesonanewmeaningtomeetthenewneed.
Morpheme:
thesmallestmeaningfulunitinalanguage
Allomorph:
anyofthedifferentformsofamorpheme
Freemorpheme:
alinguisticformwhichcanbeusedonitsownasaword
Boundmorpheme:
aform(morpheme)whichcannotheusedalonehutmustbeusedwithanothermorpheme.Boundmorphemesincludehoundrootsandaffixes
Affixes:
formsthatareattachedtowordsorwordelementstomodifymeaningorfunction
Prefixation(suffixation):
istheformationofnewwordsbyaddingprefixes(suffixes)tostem
Inflectionalaffixes:
affixesattachedtotheendofwordstoindicategrammaticalrelationships
Derivationalaffixes:
affixesaddedtoothermorphemestocreatenewwords
Root:
amorphemewhichisthebasicpartofawordthatcannotbefurtheranalyzedwithouttotallossofidentity
Stem:
aformtowhichaffixesofanykindcanbeadded
Boundroot:
arootthatcannotstandaloneasaword
Monomorphemicwords:
wordsthathavenothingmorethanafreemorpheme
Affixation:
Derivation(alsoknownasaffixation)istheprocessofformationofwordsbyaddingword-formingorderivationalaffixestostems.Affixatonconsisitsofprefixationandsuffixation.Prefixationistheformationofnewwordsbyaddingprefixestostems;suffixationistheformationofnewwordsbyaddingsuffixestostems.
Compounding:
Compoundingorcompositionistheformationofnewwordsbyjoiningtwoormorestems.Wordsformedinthiswaytirecalledcompounds.
Conversion:
Conversionistheformationofnewwordsbyconvertingwordsofoneclasstoanotherclass.Functionalshift=conversionZero-derivation.Adjectivetonoun:
(1)fullconversion
(2)partialconversion
AcronymyAcronymyistheprocessofformingnewwordsbyjoiningtheinitiallettersofneamesofsocialandpoliticalorganizationsorspecialnounphrasesandtechnicaltermsAcronymy包含两类:
1)initialisms(不发音)e.g.BBC,VOA,TB2)acronyms(形成新的发音)e.g.CORE,TEFL
Blendingistheformationofnewwordsbycombiningpartsoftwowordsorawon!
plusapartofanotherword.Wordsformedbyblendingarecalledblendsorpormanteau.
Clippingisawayofmakingnewwordswhichinvolvestheshorteningalongerwordbycuttingapartofftheoriginalandusingwhatremainsinstead.
Back-formationisaprocessofformingnewwordsconsideredtotheoppositeprocessofsuffixationbytheremovalofanaffixfromexistingword.
Wordsfrompropernamesofplace,people,trade,book,etc.
Concept,isbeyondlanguage,istheresultofhumancognition,reflectingtheobjectiveworldinthehumanmind
Sense:
denotestherelationshipsinsidethelanguage.
Referenceistherelationshipbetweenlanguageandtheworld
外来词分为四类:
1Denizens,cupfromcuppa,portformportus2)Aliensgarage,décor3)Translation–loanse.g.longtimenosee4)Semantic-loans.e.g.dream.
Motivation分类:
onomatopoeicmotivation,morphologicalmotivation,semanticmotivation,etymologicalmotivation.
Typesofmeaning:
grammatical~&lexical~;conceptual~&associative~(connotative~,stylistic~,affective~,collocative~,)
多义关系及两种研究方法:
Polysemyisacommonfeaturepeculiartoallnaturallanguagethatonewordhastwoormoresensesormeanings.Diachronicapproachisanapproachtopolysemywhichstudieshowawordderiveditsdifferentmeaningsfromitsprimarymeaninginthecourseoftime.Synchronicapproachisanapproachtopolysemywhichstudiesthecoexistenceofvariousmeaningsofthesamewordinacertainhistoricalperiodoftime.Primarymeaningistheonlymeaningthatawordhadwhenitwasfirstcreated.Derivedmeaningsarethemeaningsthatawordgetsfromtheprimarymeaningatdifferentstagesofitsdevelopmentinthecourseoftime.
同形同音异义关系Homonymyisoneofthefeaturesofwordsthatawordisdifferentinmeaningfromanother,buteitheridenticalbothinsoundandspellingoridenticalonlyinsoundorspellingwiththeotherHomonymsgenerallyfallintothreeclasses:
perfecthomonyms(samename);homographs(samespelling)andhomophones(somesound).Perfecthomonymsarethosewordsidenticalbothinsoundandspelling,butdifferentinmeaning,e.g.bear/bea/(n)alargeheavyanimal;bear/bea/(v)toputupwith.Homographsarethewordsidenticalonlyinspellingbutdifferentinsoundandmeaning,e.g.saw//(v)toscatterseeds;sow/sau/(n)femaleadultpig.Homophonesrefertothewordsidenticalonlyinsoundbutdifferentinspellingandmeaning,e.g.dear/dia/(n)alovedperson;deer/dia/(n)akindofanimal.
同形同音异义词与多义词的区别Perfecthomonymsandpolysemantsarefullyidenticalwithregardtospellingandpronunciation.Thiscreatestheproblemofdifferentiation.Thefundamentaldifferencebetweenhomonymsandpolysemantsliesinthefactthattheformerreferstodifferentwordswhichhappentosharethesameformandthelatteristheoneandsamewordwhichhasseveraldistinguishablemeanings.Oneimportantcriterionistoseetheiretymology,i.e.homonymsarefromdifferentsourceswhereasapolysemantisfromthesamesourcewhichhasacquireddifferentmeaningsinthecourseofdevelopment.Thesecondprincipalconsiderationissemanticrelatedness.Thevariousmeaningsofapolysemantarecorrelatedandconnectedtoonecentralmeaningtoagreaterorlesserdegree,e.g.neck(See6.1Polysemy).Ontheotherhand,meaningsofdifferenthomonymshavenothingtodowithoneanother.Indictionaries,apolysemanthasitsmeaningsalllistedunderoneheadwordwhereashomonymsarelistedasseparateentries.
同义关系Synonymsareword