旅游学概论英语阅读材料.docx

旅游学概论英语阅读材料.docx

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旅游学概论英语阅读材料

《旅游学概论》英语学习材料

学习材料1，TheGrandTourandThomasCook

1.TheGrandTour

TheGrandTourisamajorlinkbetweentheMiddleAgesandcontemporarytourism．ThetermdescribestheextendedtravelofyoungmenfromthearistocraticclassesoftheUnitedKingdomandotherpartsofnorthernEuropetocontinentalEuropeforeducationalandculturalpurposes（Towner1996）．Becausetheseliterateyoungtravelersusuallykeptdiariesoftheirexperiences,itispossibletoreconstructthiseraindetail.Weknow,forexample,thattheclassicalGrandToursfirstbecamepopularduringthemid-sixteenthcentury,andpersisted（withmodification）untilthemid-nineteenthcentury（Withey1997）.WhiletherearenosinglecircuitortimeframethatdefinedtheGrandTour,certaindestinationsfeatureprominentlyinthediariesandotherwrittenaccounts.Paris

WasusuallythefirstmajordestinationofTourists,followingbyayearormoreofvisitstothemajorcitiesofItaly,andespeciallyFlorence,Rome,NaplesandVenice（Towner1996）.ThoughthepoliticalandeconomicpowerofItalywasindeclinebytheearly1600s,thesecentreswerestilladmiredfortheirRenaissanceandRomanattractions,whichcontinuedtosettheculturalstandardsforEurope.Avisittotheseculturalcentreswasvitalforanyoneaspiringtojointheranksoftheelite.Thefollowingquotefroml776,attributedtoSamuelJohnson,thegreatEnglishauthor,capturesthisstatusmotive:

AmanwhohasnotbeeninItalyisalwaysconsciousofaninferiority,fromhisnothavingseenwhatitisexpectedamanshouldsee．ThegrandobjectoftravellingistoseetheshoresoftheMediterranean…AIIourreligion，almostallourlaw,almostallourarts，almostalIthatsetsusabovesavages，hascometousfromtheshoresoftheMediterranean（inBurkart＆Medlik1981，P.4）.

ThejourneybacktonorthernEuropeusuallytookthetraveleracrosstheSwissAlps,throughGermanyandintotheLowcountries（Flanders,TheNetherlands）wheretheRnnaissancefloweredduringthemid-1600s（Steinecke1993）

AccordingtoTowner（1996）about15000-20000membersoftheBritishelitewereabroadontheGrandTouratanytimeduringthemid-1700s．Moreover,thewealthierparticipantswerelikelytobeaccompaniedbyanentourageofservants,guides,tutorsandotherretainers．Towardstheendoftheera,theemphasisintheGrandTourshiftedfromthearistocracytothemoreaffluentmiddleclasses,resultinginashorterstaywithinfewerdestinations.Otherdestinations,suchasGermanyandtheAlps,alsobecamemorepopular（Withey1997）TheclassesfromwhichtheGrandTourparticipantsaroseaccountedforbetween7and9percentoftheUnitedKingdom’spopulationintheeighteenthcentury．Motives

alsoshiftedthroughoutthisera.Theinitialemphasisoneducation,designedtoconferthetravellerwithfullmembershipintothearistocraticpowerstructureandtomakeimportantsocialconnectionsonthecontinent,graduallygaveawaytomorestressonsimplesightseeing.Ineithermanifestation,however,theGrandTourhadaprofoundimpactontheUnitedKingdom,asculturalandsocialtrendstherewerelargelyshapedbytheideasandgoodsbroughtbackbytheGrandTourists.Atleastinaneconomicsense,theseimpactswerealsofeltinthedestinationregions,withtheappearanceofspecialisedservicessuchasthesouvenirtradeandtourguidingwithinthemajordestinationcities.Inaddition,thepracticaltravelguidefirstappearedinthe1820sinresponsetodemandfrom

would-beGrandTourists（Withey1997）.

2.ThomasCook

Morethananyotherindividual,ThomasCookisassociatedwiththeemergenceoftourismasamodern,large-scaleindustry,eventhoughltwouldtakeanother150yearsformasstourismtoberealisedonaglobalscale.ABaptistpreacherwhowasconcernedwiththe‘decliningmorals’oftheEnglishworkingclass，Cookconceivedtheideaofcharteringtrainsatreducedfarestotaketheworkerstotemperance（i.e.anti-alcohol）meetingsaridbiblecampsinthecountryside.Thefirstoftheseexcursions,providedasadaytripfromLeicestertoLoughboroughon5July1841,issometimesdescribedasthesymbolicbeginningofthecontemporaryeraoftourism.Gradually,theseexcursionsexpandedinthenumberofparticipantsandthevarietyofdestinationsoffered.Atthesametime,thereasonsfortakingexcursionsshiftedfromspiritualpurposestosight-seeingandpleasure.By1845Cook（whohadbythenformedthefamoustravelbusinessThomasCook＆Son）wasofferingregulartoursbetweenLeicesterandLondon.In

1863thefirstinternationalexcursionwasunder-taken（totheSwissAlps）,andin1872thefirstround-the-worldexcursionwasorganisedwithanitinerarythatncludedtheBritishcoloniesofAustraliaandNewZealand.TheCookexcursionscanbeconsideredthebeginningofinternationaltourisminthelattertwocountries,althoughsuchtripswere,ofcourse,stilltheprerogativeofthewealthy.Bythelate

1870s,ThomasCook＆Sonwasoperating60officesthroughouttheworld（Withey1997）.

Cook’sarrangementsfortheGreatExhibitionof1851,heldinLondon,illustratetheinnovationsthatheintroducedintothetourismsector.The160000clients（3percentofallvisitors）whopurchasedhiscompany’sserviceswereprovidedwith：

·aninclusive,pre-paid,one-feestructurethatcoveredtransportation,Accommodation,guides,foodandothergoodsandservices

·organiseditinerariesbasedonrigidtimeschedules

·uniformproductsofahighlyprofessionalquality

·affordableprices,madepossiblebytheeconomiesofscalecreatedthroughlargecustomervolumes.

ThegeniusofThomasCookandhisimitators,essentially,wastoapplytheproductionprinciplesandtechniquesoftheIndustrialRevolutiontotourism.Standardised,preciselytimed,commercialisedandhigh-volumetourpackagesheraldedthe‘industrialisation’ofthesector.Thus,whilethedevelopmentoftheseasideresortswasamainlyunplannedphenomenon.ThomasCookcanbedescribedasaneffectivemanagerialpioneeroftheindustrythatfosteredandaccommodatedthedemandfortheseandothertourismproducts.Theactualconnectionbetweensupplyanddemand,however,wasonlymadepossiblebycommunicationandtransportationInnovationsoftheIndustrialRevolutionsuchastherailway,thesteamshipandthetelegraph,whichCookutilisedtohisadvantage.Asaresultofsuchinnovativeapplications,ThomasCookexposedanunprecedentedpoolofpotentialtravelers（i.e.anincreasedmarket）toanunprecedentednumberofdestinations（i.e.anincreasedsupply）.Today,thepackagetourisoneofthefundamental,taken-for-grantedsymbolsofthecontemporarytourismindustry.

学习材料2，TheNatureandScopeofTourism

1．DefinitionofTourism

（1）ThedefinitiongivenbyWorldTourismOrganization,WTO

Anypersonresidingwithinacountry,irrespectiveofnationality,travelingtoaplacewithinthiscountryotherthanhisusualplaceofresidenceforaperiodofnotlessthan24hoursoronenightforapurposeotherthantheexerciseofaremuneratedactivityintheplacevisited.Themotivesforsuchtravelmaybeleisure（recreation,holidays,health,studies,religion,sports）,business,family,missionormeeting.

（2）TheviewofBritishTourismSociety

Tourismisdeemedtoincludeanyactivityconcernedwithtemporaryshort-termmovementofpeopletodestinationsoutsidetheplaceswheretheynormallyliveandwork,andtheiractivitiesduringthestayatthesedestinations.

（3）ThedefinitionadoptedbyAustralianGovernment

Apersonwhoundertakestravel,foranyreason,involvingastayawayfromhisorherusualplaceofresidenceforatleastonenight;orapersonwhoundertakesapleasuretripinvolvingastayawayfromhomeforatleastfourhoursduringdaylight,andinvolvingarounddistanceatleast50km;however,fortripstonationalparks,stateforestreserves,museums,historicalparks,animalparksorotherman-madeattractions,thedistancelimitationdoesnotapply.

2.FactorsAffectingTourism

Tourismisavolatilebusiness.Notonlyisitsubjecttoclimaticchange,itisalsoinfluencedbypoliticalinstability,currencyfluctuations,changesinfashionandchangesintheeconomy．Physicalfactorsincludesceniclocations,widesandybeachesandwarm，sunnyclimates.

（1）Demographicfactors

Lifestageelementssuchasinfantsinthefamilyoradolescents，recentempty-neststatus（householdsinwhichtheyoungpeoplehavejustlefthome）orfailinghealthcanimposerestrictionsonthechoiceofholidaysorguidethe

consumertowardsaparticulartypeofholiday.Asourceoffrictioncanbethelackofadequateprovisionfordifferentlifestagegroupsatthechosendestination,for

example,theprovisionofcrechefacilitiesornightclubs.Somecompanieshaveexploitedanichemarket—themostnotableonesbeingClub18—30forthatage-groupandSagaHolidaysfortheover50s.

Ahigherlevelofeducationstronglyinfluencesthewillingnessoftravelerstotakecalculatedrisksandseekadventureinreturnforsatisfaction.Thelesswell-educatedtendtolookforfamiliarity,securityandpredictability,andthismaypreventsomepeoplefrontgoingabroad.Thelevelofeducationingeneralinfluenceslevelsofincome,whichhasastronginfluenceonthetypeofholidaytaken.

（2）Economicfactors

Economicfactorsinfluencetourisminanumberofways.Exchangerateswillinfluencetourists’choiceofdestination—astrongexchangerate,suchastheGermanDeutschMarkortheJapaneseYen,willdetervisitors;abroadcheaperplaces，suchasTurkeyandSpain,willattracttouristsastheygetgreatervalueformoney．

In1997,thegrowthinworldtourismsloweddown,duetothefinancialcrisisinAsi