英国环境保护政策的研究 论文the study of uks policy on environ.docx

英国环境保护政策的研究 论文the study of uks policy on environ.docx

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英国环境保护政策的研究论文thestudyofukspolicyonenviron

海南师范大学

外国语学院2011级《英语国家概况》课程论文

英国环境保护政策的研究

ThestudyofUK’spolicyonenvironmentalprotection

姓名：

学号：

专业：

年级：

系别：

完成日期：

指导教师：

ThestudyofUK’spolicyonenvironmentalprotection

Author:

YuRuixueYangShupingSupervisor:

XueHaiyan

（ForeignLanguagecollege,HainanNormalUniversity,Haikou571158）

Abstract：

ThispaperintroducesthemainpollutedareasandsolutionsofUKonenvironmentpollution,whichincludestheairpollution,thewaterpollution,landpollution,thedeforestation,andtheindustrialandhouseholdwasteaswellastheirsolutions.ItaimsatclarifyingthereasonsandurgencyofsolutionsUKtookonenvironmentalprotectionandfigureoutthehelpfullessonsinmodernsocietyconsideringthesituationanddevelopmentofChina.TheresearchmayhelpboththeenvironmentaleducatorsorlearnerswhowanttodoaresearchonUK’spolicyonenvironmentalprotectionandcommonpeoplewhowantstolearnsomethingaboutenvironmentalprotection.

Keywords:

UK,industrialrevolution,environmentalprotection,effective

英国环境保护的研究

作者：

余睿雪杨淑平指导教师：

薛海燕

（海南师范大学外国语学院，海口，571158）

摘要：

本文介绍了英国环境污染主要地区和保护环境的解决方针，其中包括大气污染、水污染、土地污染、森林破坏以及工业和生活浪费以及各个对应的解决方针。

本文主旨是阐明英国实施环境保护政策的适时性，中国对此学到的经验、教训。

本次研究可能受益的有：

想要从事英国环境保护政策研究的教育者、学习者以及想要对英国环境保护有所了解的人。

关键词：

英国；工业革命；环境保护；有效

Contents:

1.Introduction…………………………………………………………………...…..4

1.1Backgroundinformation…….………………………………………...…….4

1.2Warningbell………….………………………………………………….......4

2.Environmentalprotection……………………………………………….……....….5

2.1AirPollution…………………….……………………………………………..5

2.2Landpollution……………………………………………………………........5

2.3Waterpollution…………………………………………...………….………..7

2.4Deforestation…………………………………………………….……..……..7

2.5IndustrialandHouseholdwaste……………………………………….…...…7

3.Theanalysisofthesolutionsonenvironmentprotection……………………...……8

3.1Theachievementsofthesolutions…….…………………………………...…8

3.2Theenvironmentprotectionexpenditure...................................…………......8

4.Conclusion…………………………………………………………………………..9

4.1Gotothefuture……………………………………….………….………..….9

4.2ThelessonsofUK’senvironmentalprotectionforChina….……………......10

Bibliography……………………………………………………………………….…10

Introduction：

Asweallknow,Britainasasuccessfulexampleofindustrialrevolution,hebringstheworldtoomuchsurprise.Butatthesametime,healsopaidabigpriceforwhathedid.Withtherapidincreaseofeconomy,peoplejustknewprofitandtheyignoretheenvironmentalidea.Peoplefromallclassesgrabvariousresourcesfromthenatureandemitallkindsofcontaminates.Neitherlivingconditionnorrunningconditionsweredesperate.Fortunately,thegovernmentandsomepeoplerealizedtheseterribleproblemsandtriedtheirbesttoimprovethelostconsciousnessofenvironment.SoBritainhastakenaseriousofenvironmentalprotectionactionthen.AndwewillseehowUKeffectivelykeepsawayfromendlesscloudy.

1.1.Backgroundinformation

In1765,theappearanceoftheJennyspinningmachineofficiallyopenedthepreludeof“mechanicalage”.Inthemiddleof19thcentury,Britainhasbecomethehighestindustrializedcountryallovertheworld,andhasbeenregardedas“thefactoryoftheworld”.Butonthewaytosocietyandurbanization,withthedevelopmentofmodernsociety,aseriesofenvironmentalproblemsfollowed.Theuseoffactoriesandmassproductionhasledtoadepletionofcertainnaturalresources,leavingtheenvironmentpermanentlydamaged

1.2.Warningbell

Apparently,UKtookthepolicyof“pollutionfirst,treatmentlater”,whichdespoilstheirbrightsunshineandbluesky.Inthelate19thcentury,theincreasingproblemsofenvironmentalpollutionanddiseasesshockedthewholenation.（Italsocausedenvironmentaldamage-forexample,wastesenttolandfillproducesmethane,apowerfulgreenhousegas.Theywantedtomovetowardsa‘zerowasteeconomy’.Thisdoesn’tmeanthatnowasteexists-it’sasocietywhereresourcesarefullyvalued,financiallyandenvironmentally.Itmeanstheyreduce,reuseandrecycleallwecan,andthrowthingsawayonlyasalastresort.）Inthatcase,theBritishparliamentcarriedoutalargeamountofenvironmentalsurvey.Aftermasteringandunderstandingalotsofmaterialsanddatabasis,theypassedsomeconstitutionandtriedtofindoutsolutionsbylegislation.

Environmentalprotections:

2.1.AirPollution

BackintheMiddleAgestheuseofcoalincitiessuchasLondon,airPollutionwasbeginningtoescalate.Theproblemsofpoorurbanairqualityevenasearlyastheendofthe16thcenturyarewelldocumented.IntheUKtheIndustrialRevolutionduringthe18thand19thcenturieswasbasedontheuseofcoal.Industrieswereoftenlocatedintownsandcities,andtogetherwiththeburningofcoalinhomesfordomesticheat,urbanairpollutionlevelsoftenreachedveryhighlevels.Duringfoggyconditions,pollutionlevelsescalatedandurbansmogs（smokeandfog）wereformed.Theseoftenbroughtcitiestoahalt,disruptingtrafficbutmoredangerouslycausingdeathratestodramaticallyrise.Theeffectsofthispollutiononbuildingsandvegetationalsobecameobvious.

Britishparliamentaryhasspentlotsoftimeonit.In1863,theparliamentaryhaspassedtheAlkaliWorksActwhichrequiredthealkaliindustrytosuppress95%emissionsinordertocontrolthepoisonedgasproducedbyalkalimanufactorytechnology.ThesecondAlkaliWorksActwasissuedin1874whichrequiredthefactoriestotakeeffectivemeasurestocontrolthepoisonedandharmgas,andclassifiedtheindustriesin1907.The1875PublicHealthActcontainedasmokeabatementsectiontotryandreducesmokepollutioninurbanareas.BritishparliamentaryhadpassedoverallandsystematicGasCleaningActbecauseofthebigimpactofLondongaseventin1952.In1995,theGovernmentpasseditsEnvironmentAct,requiringthepublicationofa“NationalAirQualityStrategy”toset“standards”fortheregulationofthemostcommonairpollutants.

2.2.Landpollution

Duringextractionandminingactivities,manylandspacearecreatedbeneaththesurface,sothelandcavinginisoftenheard.Besides,duetoincreaseindemandforfood,shelterandhouse,moregoodsareproduced.Thisresultedincreationofmorewastethatneedstobedisposedof.Researchanddevelopmentpavedthewayformodernfertilizersandchemicalsthatwerehighlytoxicandledtosoilcontaminationsandsoon,allthesethingsjustledtotheseverelandpollution.

SotheUKDepartmentofEnvironment,Food,andRuralAffairs（DEFRA）isdevelopedtheFirstSoilActionPlanforEnglandin2004andestablishespolicyforthecleanupofcontaminatedland.Primaryresponsibilityforthemanagementofcontaminatedlandslieswithlocalauthorities,andvoluntarysolutionstocontaminationproblemsaresoughtwhenpossible.TheEnvironmentalProtectionAct1990establisheswhoshouldpayforremediationandrequiresthatlocalauthoritiesidentifycontaminatedland.TheUK's 2006ContaminatedLandRegulationsincluderulesforpublicregistersofcontaminatedpropertiesandforremediationnotices.DEFRAmanagestheContaminatedLandCapitalProjectsProgrammetoassistlocalauthoritiesininvestigatingandremediatingcontaminatedland.TheUKDepartmentforCommunitiesandLocalGovernmentoverseeslandcontaminationissuesinplanningunder PlanningPolicyStatement23andtheOfficeofthePrimeMinisterisresponsiblefor policyonBrownfieldintheUK.Anumberofquasi-governmentalandnon-governmentalorganizationsintheUKsupportworktoremediatecontaminatedpropertiesandaddresseconomicdevelopmentchallengesassociatedwithBrownfield.Therearemanyorganizationstoprotectthecontaminatedland,suchas:

ContaminatedLand:

ApplicationsinRealEnvironments（CLAIRE）,whichisanindependent,not-for-profitorganizationestablishedtostimulatetheregenerationofcontaminatedlandintheUK.The BritishLandReclamationSocietyisaninterdisciplinarynonprofitorganizationconcernedwiththereclamation,regeneration,andrestorationofland.TheBritishUrbanRegeneratationAssociationidentifiesandpromotesbestpracticeinregeneration,andtheContaminatedLandAssessment&RemediationResearchCentredevelopstechnologyforsustainable,cost-effectiveassessmentandremediationofcontaminatedenvironments.

2.3.Waterpollution

Waterpollutionisachemicalorbiologicalsubstancethatbuildsupintheenvironmentenoughtobetoxic,harmfuloranuisancetohumans,otheranimals,orotherlivingthings.Thepollutioncouldbeacombinationofsewage,oil,acidrain,highwayrunoff,andallkindsofotherthings.

From1874to1855,BritishparliamentaryhaspassedTheChannelLaw.PublicHealthLaw,CapitalManagementAction.EliminateThePollutionHarmAct,TheRegulationOfRiverPollutionProtectionAndTreatment.PublicHealthRegulationinordertosolveproblemofwaterpollutionandurbanwateruse.Sofar,Britishhasbasicallyestablishedtheintegratedlegalsystemwaterpollutionprevention.

2.4.Deforestation

Duringtheindustrialrevolution,thepopulationofUKincreasedrapidly.Therefore,thedemandforfood,shelterandclothhasalmosttripledinthe18century.Toovercomegrowingdemand,adirectandconvenientactionthatwehavecometorecognizeas“deforestation”occurs.

Inordertoprotecttheforests,thegovernmenthasdonemuch.InJanuary2013,thegovernmentpublishedthe ‘Forestryandwoodlandspolicystatement’.Thissetsouthowtheywillprotect,improveandexpandthepublicandprivatewoodlands.

InJuly2013thegovernmentpublishedan implementationplan whichdetailstheprogresstheyhavemadeagains