上海世博的战略规划英文.docx

上海世博的战略规划英文.docx

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上海世博的战略规划英文

StrategicPlanningandManagementProcessesUndertakeninWorldExpo

Abstract

StrategicplanningandmanagementarevitalfactorsthataffecttheimplementationofalargeeventparticularlyglobaleventsuchasWorldExpo.ThisreportwouldexaminethestrategicplanningandmanagementprocessundertakeninShanghaiWorldExpo2010.Theprocessisfoundtobeeffectivetosupportthesuccessoftheevent.However,asaglobalevent,thesuccessfulimplementationisjustoneparttoevaluatetheoutcomeofWorldExpo.ItissupposedtheeventwouldhelptheorganizertoachievesustainablesocialandeconomicbenefitfollowingtheWorldExpo.Thisalsodependsonthestrategicplanningandmanagement.ThereportaddressesthechallengesinthestrategicplanningandmanagementprocessundertakeninShanghaiWorldExpoandprovidesrecommendationstodealwiththechallenges.

1.0Introduction

OnDecember3,2002,89membersof“internationalexhibitionconvention”gavevotetoShanghaiChinaforhostingthe2010WorldExpositionatthe132ndGeneralAssemblyofInternationalBureauofExhibitions（BIE）.ChinawonthebidofhostforworldpageantagainafterBeijingsuccessful1yappliedthehostof2008OlympicGames,itwillbringChinathegoodopportunityforthefuturedevelopment.Therefore,theChinesegovernmentattacheshighattentionstothisproject.Thesuccessoftheprojectdependsgreatlyontheeffectivestrategicplanningandmanagementprocess.TheWorldExpositionisoneofthethreemostprominentglobaleventswhoseimportanceandinfluenceisundoubted.ComparedwithothercitiesthathadhostedTheWordExposition,thereisstilldisparitybetweenShanghaiandthosecities.Asadevelopingcountry,Chinamaynotonlybelimitedbyeconomicpowertoholdsuchhugeglobalevent,butalsolackexperienceofhostingsuchevent.Inaddition,theglobalfinancialcrisisaddsdifficultytotheevent.However,theresultturnsouttobethatShanghaiworldExpositionissuccessful.ThisreportexploresthestrategicplanningandmanagementprocessundertakeninShanghaiWorldExpo.Thestrategicplanningandmanagementprocessinthiseventleadstothesuccessfulholdingoftheevent.However,theeventalsofacessomechallenges,whichlimitittoachievesustainablebenefit.Oneoftheimportantmeasurementsofevaluatingwhetheracityofhostingtheworldexpositionissuccessfulornotisonitseconomyfacet,meaningwhetheritcouldbeexcellenttoinstallresourcewell,gatheringthecapabilityofperipheryevencollectingthewholecountry’sresources,takingintofullexploitation,spendingthedevotioncostat1eastbudget.Thisdependsgreatlyonthestrategicplanningandmanagement.Thereportwouldoutlinethechallengesinthiseventandproviderecommendationstocopewiththechallenges.

2.0OverviewontheShanghaiWorldExpo

WorldExpoisalargescaleinternationalexhibitionwhichusuallybehostedbytheGovernmentofacountry.Itisanimportantopportunityforthehostcountryandparticipatingcountriestoshowachievementsineconomy,technologyandculture,etc（FindlingandKimberly,2008）.ItissupposedthatWorldExponotonlycouldpromoteeconomicdevelopmentofthehostcountry,butalsoallowspeoplearoundtheworldtobetterknowthecountry.Consequently,ithelpstoincreasetheinternationalstandingofthecountry.2010ShanghaiWorldExpoisoneofopportunitiesforShanghai’seconomicdevelopment,whichhaspositiveeffectsonitseconomicdevelopmentandsocialchange.Realizingtheimportanceoftheevent,thelocalgovernmentandChinesecentralgovernmentpayhighattentiontotheeventandinvesthugeresourcetopreparefortheevent.2010ShanghaiWorldExpowillbeexactlysuch“greatevent”,whichwillhavesignificantimpactonShanghaifrompolitical,economic,scientific,cultural,andotherfields.Thegovernmentmakesagreatstrategicplanningandmanagementfortheevent.Thistosomeextentsleadstothesuccessof2010ShanghaiWorldExpo.Thereisnodoubtthattheeventhascontributedtoachievingseveralbenefits.ItpromotesthedevelopmentoftourismindustryinShanghaiandtheeconomicgrowth.Inaddition,theChinesegovernmenthasinvestedgreatlyoninfrastructureconstruction,whichhelpstofurtherpromoteeconomicdevelopment.Forinstance,thepavilionshavebecomeimportantattractionofShanghai,whichcontributestothedevelopmentoftourismindustryinShanghai（Lamberti,etal,2011）.However,forlong-runconsideration,theeventalsohassomeproblemstakingbothcostsandbenefitsintoaccount.Althoughthegovernmenthastakensustainableeconomicandsocialbenefitsasthestrategicgoalsoftheevent;suchgoalshavenotbeenallachievedyetwitheffectivestrategies.

3.0TheoryaboutStrategicplanningandmanagement

Theoretically,strategicplanningprocessincludesfivesteps,namelymissionstatement,environmentalscanning,strategyformulation,strategicimplementation,andevaluationandcontrol（fig1）（Olsen,2012）.Thissuggeststhatstrategicplanningshouldclearlydefinefeasiblestrategicgoalsforanorganizationoreventtoachieveandevaluatebothinternalandexternalsituations.Asfig2shows,strategicmanagementstartswithmissionstatement.Thisdescribesthedesirablesituationthattheorganizationoreventexpectstoachieve（Moore,1995）.Afterthat,itisaneedtoevaluatebothinternalandexternalsituationandcomparethecurrentsituationandthedesirablesituationtodeterminethegapanddevelopstrategicgoalsfortheorganizationoreventtoachieveandidentifythegapbetweenstrategicgoalsandthecurrentsituation（AllisonandKaye,2005）.Bycomparingthecurrentsituationandthedesiredsituation,thegapcouldbeidentified.Consequently,possiblestrategiesandapproachescouldbetakentofillthegapandachievestrategicgoals.Itisimportantforanorganizationtomatchitsstrengthstotheopportunitywhichhasbeenidentified,namelythestrategyformulation.Theevaluationofinternalandexternalhelpstoidentifycompetitiveadvantageanddisadvantage.Consequently,strategiescouldbeimplementedtoachievethestrategicgoals.

Fig1:

Strategicplanningprocess

Fig2:

Strategicmanagementprocess

4.0CriticalevaluationofShanghaiWorldExpo

Byanalyzingcostsandbenefitsof2010ShanghaiWorldExpo,itisfoundthatitcouldachievelittlesurplusifmarketexploitwellandonlycalculatingthecostsduringtheperiodofWorldExpooperation.However,iftakethecostsofallocation,constructionandcorrelativeinfrastructureintoconsideration,itwouldgetdeficit.ShanghaiWorldExpohasbothpositiveandnegativeinfluenceonShanghaiandeventhewholeChina.Thepositiveimpactsincludedirectandindirecteffects.Thedirectimpactsarecompriseofdirectlystimulatingeconomicgrowth,promotingjobgrowth,promotingthedevelopmentofrelatedindustries,improvinginfrastructure,improvingthegovernanceabilities,promotingculturaldevelopmentandcreatingmoreopenenvironment.Indirectaffectsconsistofpromotingregionaleconomicdevelopment,restructuringindustryandupgradinghumancapital.Butthenegativeinfluencesarealsosignificant.Suchinfluencesincludethe“crowding-outeffects”,boostingtherealestatebubbleformation,theinterestlossofnon-beneficiarygroupsandtheidleandexcessfacilities.Suchnegativeinfluencesshouldhavebeenpreventedinstrategicplanningandmanagementprocess.ItissuggestedthathostingtheWorldExposhouldnotonlybringpositiveeffectsontheeconomicandsocialdevelopmentofShanghai,butalsoshouldexpendthisinfluencetothelargeinteriorregionofperiphery,eventoawholecountrytokeepthiseconomiceffectlonger.Toachievesuchgoals,thestrategicplanningandmanagementprocessundertakenintheShanghaiWorldExposhouldcoverthephaseofafter-expo.

Indifferenthistoricalperiodofthecitydevelopmentinvariouscountriesoftheworld,therearealwayssomeexamplesshowinghowtoachievequickdevelopment.Asaresultofholdinglarge-scale,internationalmeetingsandexpositionsandsportscontests,alargenumberofcitieshavedevelopedrapidly,ascendingthemselvestotheranksoftheinternationalmetropolis.Thisisacommonpatternoftheriseofcity.However,therearealsosomefailexamplesofholdingsuchlargeevents.OneofthemainfactorswhichaffecttheoutcomeofWorldExpoisstrategicplanningandmanagementprocess.WorldExpocouldprovideanopportunityforthehostcountryorcitytoachievemultiplestrategicgoals.Itisaneedtodeterminewhatstrategicgoalsshouldbeachievedduringtheplanningprocess.ShanghaiWorldExpo2010hasbeenproposed"bettercity,betterlife”,whichisthefirstexhibitionofhumangatheringofcitylife.Thisisanexcellentthemewhichissupposedtopromotesustainabledevelopmentacrosstheworld.Actually,theeventdidcontributetopromotingtheconceptofsustainableurbandevelopment（Wan,etal,2011）.Theimplementationoftheeventisexcellentandsuccessfulandsomestrategicgoalshavebeenachieved.However,theapproachestoachievesuchgoalsshouldhavebeenimproved.Ithasbeenreportedthattheincomeoftheeventhasbeensignificantlylowerthanthetotalcostwhencalculatingindirectcosttogether（Wang,etal,2011）.Inaddition,thepotentialoftheeventtoproduceongoingbenefitshasbeendoubted.

Apparently,thelocalgovernmentandChinesecentralgovernmentexpectthe2010ShanghaiWorldExpotoproduceseveralbenefitsforShanghaiandthewholeChina.Thisshowsthatmissionstatementintheprojecthavebeenidentified.Itisexpectedthattheeventwouldpromotestheeconomicdevelopmentandtheinternatio