Lesson SixTwelve Angry Men.docx

Lesson SixTwelve Angry Men.docx

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LessonSixTwelveAngryMen

LessonSixTwelveAngryMen

PartIWarm-up

OnJustice

Thewholehistoryoftheworldissummedupinthefactthat,whennationsarestrong,theyarenotalwaysjust,andwhentheywishtobejust,theyarenolongerstrong.

—WinstonChurchill

世界的整个历史可以归结为这个事实:

一个国家强大时就不太公正,而当他们希望求得公正时,就不再强大。

—温斯顿·丘吉尔

Ihavealwaysfoundthatmercybearsricherfruitsthanstrictjustice.—AbrahamLincoln

Courageisofnovalueunlessaccompaniedbyjustice;yetifallmenbecamejust,therewouldbenoneedforcourage.—AgesilaustheSecond

Itisinjusticethattheorderingofsocietyiscentered.—AristotleJusticeisthe

Constantandperpetualwilltoallottoeverymanhisdue.—DomitusUlpian

Ifitwerenotforinjustice,menwouldnotknowjustice.—HeraclitesJusticeconsistsnotinbeingneutralbetweenrightandwrong,butinfindingouttherightand

upholdingit,whereverfound,againstthewrong.—Theodore

RooseveltJusticedelayed,isjusticedeni—WilliamGladstone

PartIIBackgroundInformation

2.1Judges

Ajudgeorjusticeisanappointedorelectedofficialwhopresidesoveracourt.Thepowers,functions,andtrainingofjudgesvarieswidelyfromjurisdictiontojurisdiction.

InUSA,judgesarenottrainedseparatelyfromlawyersandaregenerallyappointedorelectedfromamongpracticingattorneys.

（Aprofessionalpersonauthorizedtopracticelaw;conductslawsuitsorgiveslegaladvice）

Beingajudgeisusuallyaprestigiouspositioninsociety,andasaresultavarietyofsolemntraditionshavebecomeassociatedwiththeoccupation.Inmostnationsoftheworldjudgeswearlongrobes,usuallyblackorred,andsitonanelevatedplatformduringtrials.ThestandardjudgesuniformoriginatedwiththeRomantoga.

Insomecountries,notablyBritain,judgesalsowearlongwigsandusespecialgavelstoinstillorderinthecourtroom.

InthePeople’sRepublicofChina,judgesworeregularstreetclothesuntil1984,whentheybegantowearmilitarystyleuniforms,whichwereintendedtodemonstrateauthority.Theseuniformsbegantobereplacedin2000byblackrobessimilartothoseintherestoftheworld.

InmostEnglishspeakingcountries（particularlytheUSA）ajudgeisaddressedas"YourHonor"whenpresidingoverthejudge'scourt,asasignofrespectfortheoffice.ThejudgesoftheSupremeCourtoftheUnitedStates,andthejudgesofthesupremecourtsofseveralU.S.statesandothercountriesarecalled―justices‖.IntheUnitedKingdom,acomparablerankisheldbytheHouseofLords;itsjudgesarenotcalledjudges,butLawLords,andsitintheHouseofLordsaspeers.

2.2Barristers

Inmanycommonlawjurisdictions,abarristeroradvocateisatypeoflawyer,particularlyoneentitledtoappearbeforethesuperiorcourtsofthatjurisdiction.

ThelegalprofessioninEnglandandWalesisdividedbetweensolicitorsandbarristers.Botharetrainedinlawbutservedifferentfunctionsinthepracticeoflaw.SolicitorsareregulatedbytheLawSociety,barristersbytheGeneralCounciloftheBarandtheindividualInnsofCourt.

Barristers'workdressisverytraditionalinthattheyarerequiredtowearahorsehairwigwhentheyappearasadvocatesincourt,withablackgownandadarksuitandawhiteshirtwithstripsofwhitecottoncalled'bands'hangingbeforeawingcollar.Thismakesthemveryeasytodistinguish,althoughindividualscanbedisguisedandanonymous,whereasthegarmentsemphasizethedramaticnatureoftheircalling.（Thequestionofbarristers'andjudges'clothingiscurrentlythesubjectofreview,andthereissomepressuretoadoptamore"modern"styleofdress,withEuropean-stylegownswornoverloungesuits.）

MostbarristersareprobablyproperlyequatedwithUStriallawyersinthattheydonotdealwiththepublic（orlayclients）directly,butthroughtheintermediaryofasolicitor.

BarristersarealsofoundinNorthernIreland,Ireland,andAustralia（inthestateswithoutafusedprofession,namelyNewSouthWales,SouthAustralia,QueenslandandVictoria）.InCanadatheprofessionsofbarristerandsolicitorarefusedandmanylawyersrefertothemselveswithbothnames.

2.3CourtWorkingDressesinEnglandandWales

Judgeshearingcriminalcases

HighCourtJudge

CircuitJudge

Judgeshearingcivilcases

DistrictJudge

（Judgeshearingdifferentcasesweardifferentcourtdresses.）

BarristersorAdvocates

CourtClerk

CourtUsher

（red,black）gown,wig;gown,nowig

Judgeshearingcriminalcases:

Workingdressandpossibleoptions

Circuitjudge巡回法官

Cons:

NowitisproposedinBritain—asitisalwaysproposedonceeveryfiveyears—thatthisanachronisticdressbeabolished,andthatjudgesandadvocates,asinAmerica,shouldappearincourtasnormalhumanbeings.Itissaidthatwigsandgownsintimidatethelitigantsandwitnesses.Pros:

Yetsomepeoplearguethatformaldressaddstothedignityofthecourt,ishistoric,anddistinguishesthemainactorsfrommereparticipants.

PartIIITextAppreciation

3.1GeneralIntroduction

Plot:

Ayoungdelinquentawaitssentencingforthemanslaughterofhisaggressivefather.Onejurorfeelsthereisareasonabledoubt—tothefrustrationofhiselevencolleagues—thuspreventingaquickverdict.Duringtheheateddeliberations,thehiddenpreconceptionsandprejudicesofthejurorsarerevealed.

Plotelements:

conflict,crisis/turningmoment,climax,etc.

Setting:

juryroom

Protagonists:

12jurors

Themeofthestory:

"TwelveAngryMen"isaboutoneindividual'sabilitytostandupforwhathebelieves,evenwhenothersridiculehim.Itisalsoapowerfulstudynotjustofthecriminaljusticesystem,butalsoofthediversityofhumanexperience,thenatureofpeerpressure,andthedifficultyofeverfullyknowingthetruth.

3.2TextAnalysis

1.No.7:

Bright!

He’sacommonignorantslob.Hedon’tevenspeakgoodEnglish.（para.5）Question:

WhattonewasNo.10usingwhenheattackedtheaccused?

WhatcanweknowaboutNo.10?

Hewassneeringattheaccusedinanironictone,howeverhehimselfmadeagrammarmistake,thusrevealinghimselfanincompetentlanguagespeaker.

1.No.12:

…Itwasn’tverynicetohaveitstickingoutofsomepeople’schests.

No.7:

Especiallyrelatives’.

Question:

DoyouthinkNo.7wasahumorousperson?

Howdoyoulikehisjokehere?

NO.12andNo.7arejokingaboutthismurder.Butinfactthisisdisgustinganddistastefultojokeaboutamurder.

2.No.11:

Ah,thisthenwoulddependonyourdefinitionofpanic.Hewouldhavetobecalmenoughtoseetoitthattherewerenofingerprintsleftontheknife.Now,wheredidthepanicstartandwherediditend?

（para.15）

Question:

FigureoutNo.11’slogicofreasoning.No.4thoughtthattheboycouldrunoutinapanicafterhavingkilledhisfather,afterhecalmeddown,herealizedthathelefthisknifeatthescene.ButNo.11didn’tthinkitheldwaterbecauseiftheboyhadrunoutinapanic,hecouldn’tbesocalmtobesurethattherewerenofingerprintsleftontheknife.SoNo.11askedwherethepanicstartedandwhereitended.

3.No.8:

Maybetheboydidkillhisfather,didrunoutinapanic,….Maybeallthosethingshappened.Butmaybetheydidn’t.Ithinkthere’senoughdoubtthatwecanwonderifhewasthereatallduringthetimethekillingtookplace.（para.17）

Question:

Whatisthereasonabledoubthere?

Itispossiblethattheboywasnotatthescenewhenthekillingtookplace.（or:

Itispossiblethathedidn’tcomebackhomeonlytogethisknife,riskingbeingcaught.）

4.No.7:

（ToNo.8）Ran,walked.What’sthedifference?

Anywayhegotthere!

（para.23）Question:

WhatcharacterdidNo.7revealhere,inyouropinion?

Hedidn’tcaremuchaboutthedetails,butinmostcases,detailscantellthedetectivesalotaboutwhatcouldhavehappened.Infact,No.7hadgotatheatreticketburninginhispocket,hewasinahurrytogetoutofhere,thereforehejustwantedtorushupthustendedtoleaveoutmanyimportantthings.Thatjustshowsushowlittlehetookanotherperson’slife.

5.No.3:

Hewasanoldman.Halfthetime,hewasconfused.Howcouldhebepositiveaboutanything?

（Hetriestocoverhisblunder.…）（Para.31）

Question:

WhatblunderdidNo.3make?

No.3saidthathalfthetime,theoldmanwasconfusedandcouldn’tbesureaboutanything,sohowcouldhebesosurethatitwas20seconds?

6.No.3:

Assumed!

Brother,I’veseenallkindsofdishonestyinmyday,butthislittledisplaytakesthecake.What’sthematterwithyouguys?

Youallknowhe’sguilty.He’sgottoburnandyoulethimslipthroughourfingers!

（para.43）

Question:

WhatdidNo.3assumehimselftobe?

Doyouthinkaconscientiousjurorshouldtalklikethat?

No.3wasnottheexecutioner,buthetalkedasifso.Hewasnotsupposedtobasehisjudgmentsimplyonwhathethoughttobe.Factsandreasonmattermost.Aconscientiousjurorshouldtrytobeimpartialratherthanbiased.

7.No.3:

Phew,I’llkillhim!

I’llkillhim!

No.8:

Youdon’treallymeanyou’dkillme,doyou?

（para.49）

Question:

WhydidNo.8deliberatelymakeNo.3mad?

Howdoyoufeelaboutthelanguagepower?

No.3couldn’tmeanitwhenhesaidthat―I’llkillyou!

‖,likewise,itispossiblethattheaccusedboyalsodidn’tmeanitwhenhesaidthesamething.

Itisacleverwaytoretort.No.8justusedthesamelogicofreasoningtofightagainstNo.3’slogic–iftheboysaidit,hemeantit.

9.No.10:

Don’tgivemethat!

I’msickandtiredoffacts.Youcanthinkanywayyoulike.（para.55）Question:

InwhatwaywasNo.10’sviewoffactsdifferentfromthatofNo.9?

Compareandcontrastthesetwojurors.

No.9:

agentleol