定语及定语从句推荐文档.docx
《定语及定语从句推荐文档.docx》由会员分享,可在线阅读,更多相关《定语及定语从句推荐文档.docx(18页珍藏版)》请在冰点文库上搜索。
定语及定语从句推荐文档
定语及定语从句
一,定语
句子中修饰名词或代词的成分叫做定语。
定语可以由形容词,名词,不定式,分词,动名词或从句来充当。
eg:
Sheisabeautifulgirl.(形容词)
ImetsomeonefunnyonmywaytoBeijing.(形容词)(修饰不定代词的定语后置)
HeisanEnglishteacher. (名词)
(名词作定语时一般用单数,例外的有sports,如asportsstar)
Ihavealotofworktodo.(不定式)
Thebookwrittenbyaschoolboyisverypopularnow.(过去分词短语)
Wecanseetherisingsun.(现在分词)=thesunisrising.
Heisinthereadingroom. (动名词) =theroomforreading
TheboywhobrokethewindowisTom’sbrother.(从句)
注意:
1.形容词作定语一般放在所修饰的词前面;但当形容词修饰的是something,anything,everything,nothing,someone,everyone,everybody,somewhere等不定代词时,要放在这些词的后面。
present(在场的),absent(缺席的)作定语时需要后置。
studentspresent/absent
2.不定式做定语通常要放在被修饰的词后。
3 分词作定语时,即可放在所修饰词前,也可放在所修饰词后
1)分词前置:
单独的一个分词作定语,一般放在所修饰词前。
Heisaretiredworker. 他是位退休的工人
2)分词后置分词在以下情况,放在所修饰词的后面
i.分词词组; Therewasagirlsittingthere. 有个女孩坐在那里
ii.个别分词如given,left;
Thisisthequestiongiven. 这是所给的问题
iii.修饰不定代词something等
Thereisnothinginteresting. 没有有趣的东西
过去分词作定语与其修饰的词是被动关系,相当于一个被动语态的定语从句。
Mostofthepeopleinvitedtothepartywerefamousscientists.
=MostofthepeoplewhowereinvitedtothepartywerefromSouthAfrica
二,定语从句(AttributiveClauses)
在句中做定语,修饰一个名词或代词,被修饰的名词,词组或代词即先行词。
定语从句通常出现在先行词之后,由关系词(关系代词或关系副词)引出。
关系代词有:
who,whom,whose,that,which等。
关系副词有:
when,where,why等。
Ilikethebooks thatarewrittenbyMr.Green.
先行词 关系词
A. 关系词:
关系词通常有三个作用:
引导定语从句,指代先行词,在定语从句中充当句子成分。
关系词类别
关系词
先行词
充当从句中的句子成分
关系代词
who
人
主,宾,表
whom
人
宾
which
物
主,宾,表
that
人或物
主,宾,表
as
人或物
主,宾,表
whose
人或物
定
关系副词
where
地点
状
when
时间
状
why
reason
状
Anyonewhobreaksthelawwillsurelybepunished.
1. 先行词指人时,定语从句的引导词:
(1)指人时,who和that都可以使用.
(2)who和whom都可以作定语从句宾语,但从句中的介词提前时,不能用who.
Heisthemanwho/whomItalkedtoyouabout.
=HeisthemanaboutwhomItalkedtoyou.
(3)先行词是人时,只用who,不用或少用that的情况:
a. 当先行词是one,ones,anyone时,引导定语从句的关系词一般只用who,不用that
如果先行词是someone,也可用that
Heisnotonewhoiseasilyfrightened.
IthinkJoeistheonewhoborrowedmypeo.
Theoneswhotelllieswon’tgainothers’trust.
Anyonewhosawtheaccidentshouldphonethepolice.
Someonewho/thatclaimstobeyourunclewantstoseeyou.
b. 先行词是those时,关系代词一般用who不用that
Thosewhodon’twishtogoneednotgo.
c. Therebe句型中,修饰人的定语从句的关系代词一般只用who来引导
Thereisacertainoldmaninthevillagewhononeofuslikes.
d. 若一个句子中有两个定语从句,第一个已经用that,则第二个一般用who
Themanthatistalkingwithourteacheristheprofessorwhogaveusa
reportyesterday.
e. 当定语从句与先行词较远时,引导定语从句的关系代词一般只用who
Icameacrossmyfirstteacherinthestoreyesterdaywhowasstill
beautiful.
f 非限定性定语从句只用who来引导,不用that
Hehasason,whoisadoctor.
(4)当先行词是人,只用that不用who的情况:
a. 以who开头的特殊疑问句,定语从句的先行词如果是人,关系代词只用that不用who
Whoisthegirlthatsaidhellotoyoujustnow?
b. 当先行词既有人也有物时,定语从句只用that来引导
Theyoftertalkaboutthepersonandthingsthattheyremember.
c. 当关系代词在定语从句中作表语时,只用that来引导
He’schanged.Heisnotthemanthathewas.
d. 当先行词被形容词的最高级修饰时,只用that.
ThisisthemostbeautifulladythatIhaveevermet.
e. 当先行词是other时,定语从句只用that引导。
Youcanasktheoldmanoranyotherthatwasthereatthetime.
2. 先行词是物时that和which一般可以互换使用,但有时不可换用。
(1) 下列场合一般用that:
a. 先行词是all,much,anything,something,nothing,everything,little,the
one,none等不定代词
Weshoulddoallthatisusefultothepeople.
ThelittlethatIhaveseenofhisworkissatisfactory.
b. 先行词被序数词,形容词最高级以及first,last,any,only,few,much,no,
some,very等词修饰
ThefirstbookthatIboughtinthisbookstoreisadictionary.
ThelastpersonthatItalkedwithinLondonismygirlfriend
ThebestteacherthatIhaveevermethasgoneabroad
Youcantakeanyseatthatisvacant.
c. 先行词有两个:
一个指人,另一个指物
Imissallthepeopleandplacesthatwevisitedlastsummer
d. 主句是以who或which开头的特殊疑问句。
e. Therebe句型中, Thereisaseatinthecornerthatisfree.
f. 先行词为数词时
Threebuildingshavebeencompleted,buttherearetwothatarestill
underconstruction.
(2) 下列场合不能用that
a.在非限定性定语从句中,即逗号后的定语从句不用that引导,指人时用who或whom,指
物时用which.
b. 在“介词+关系代词”结构中不用that,指人时用whom,指物时用which.
Thisisthebookaboutwhichwearetalking.
c. 先行词为that,those时,关系词用which指物,who指人
What’sthatwhichyouhavegotinyourhand?
d. 两个定语从句,一个用了that,另一个则用which.
LetmeshowyouthenovelthatIborrowedfromthelibrarywhichwas
newlyopentous.
e. 关系代词后有插入语时,只用which
Herearesomestampswhich–Ithink–youcantakeaway.
3. 当关系词在从句中作宾语时,关系词可以省略。
4. 当先行词指时间,地点,原因(thereason)时,且关系词在从句中作状语,用when,
where,why
如果关系词在从句中作主语,表语或宾语,则用that或which.
Iwanttovisittheplacewheremymotherwasborn.
=Iwanttovisittheplaceinwhichmymotherwasborn.
IstillremembertheyearswhenIstudiedinthemiddleschool.
=IstillremembertheyearsinwhichIstudiedinthemiddleschool.
Idon’tknowthereasonwhyhedidn’tagreewithus.
=Ididn’tknowthereasonforwhichhedidn’tagreewithus.
5. 当先行词是theway,并且关系词在从句中作方式状语时,可以用that,inwhich引导,也可
省略。
当先行词是time,time当“次数”讲时,用that引导定语从句,且that可以省略;当time表
示“一段时间,时间”讲时,定语从句用when或at/duringwhich引导
Idon’tliketheway(that/inwhich)hetalkedtohismother.
Icanhardlyrememberhowmanytimes(that)I’vefailed.
I’llneverforgetthetimewhen/atwhichwevisitedyourhometown.
6. 当先行词family,class,team,army,company等被当作单数时,定语从句中用which,
被当作复数时,用who或whom.
Thefamily,whichisalargeandrichone,waspoor.
Theparty,whoareallchildren,havelosttheirway.
7. 当先行词是动物时,定语从句一般用which
Thedog,whichhehadkeptforfiveyears,waskilledbysomeoneyesterday.
B.“介词+which/whom”引导的定语从句
关系代词在定语从句中作介词的宾语时,常常将介词前置于作宾语的关系词前,
IlovethemusicthatIcandanceto.=IlovethemusictowhichIcandance.
ThemanwhoItalkedtojustnowismybrother.=ThemantowhomItalkedjustnowismybrother.
介词后面的关系词指人时只用whom,不能用who或that;指物时只用which,不能用that.
注意,并非所有情况下介词都可以前移,含有介词的短语动词不可拆开,介词仍需放在动词后面,如:
lookfor,lookafter,takecareof等。
“介词+which/whom”前还可以用some,any,none,all,both,neither,many,most,each,few等代词,名词或数词等。
Hissons,bothofwhomlovedmusicverymuch,spentmostoftheirmoneyonCDs.
Thehouse,theroofofwhichisblue,willbeusedasalibrary.
C. 非限定性定语从句
非限定性定语从句和主句的关系不密切,去掉定语从句,句子的意思仍然完整,形式上用逗号把主句和从句分开,使用时注意以下几点:
l 非限定性定语从句不能用that引导
l 非限定性定语从句中的关系词不能省略。
D.as引导的定语从句的用法
1.as可引导限定性定语从句,用于such…as…., so….as…., thesame….as…结构中。
Heboughtmesuchawatchaswasadvertisedinthenewspaper.
注意:
比较thesame…as….和thesame…that….
HeboughtmethesamewatchasIlostlastweek.他买了一块和我上星期丢的一样的
表。
(一样,但不是同一个)
HeboughtmethesamewatchthatIlostlastweek. 他把我上星期丢的那块表又
买回来了。
(同一个)
2.当非限定性定语从句的先行词不是主句中的某一个词,而是整个主句时,可以用which或as引
导。
在以下情况下用as引导:
a. 从句意思为“正如/正像...一样”
b. 从句位于句首,构成以下结构:
asiswellknown众所周知 asoftenhappens这种情况经常发生
asisoftenthecase情况经常这样 asissupposed 如所预料的一样
ashasbeenpointedout 如所指出的 ashasbeensaidbefore 如前所说
在下面情况经常用which引导:
主句和从句表示因果关系。
Helostthegame,whichmadeusverydisappointed.
非限定性定语从句是否定意义。
Hegainedabigfortune,whichmeantnothingtohim.
E.其他:
1.分隔定语从句:
定语从句与先行词之间被其他成分分隔开来,这种定语从句叫做分隔定语从句,此时须注意辨别从句的先行词。
Thedaysaregonewhenwesufferedsomuch.
Thebossofthecompany,whosenamewasMr.Joe,toldthestory.
2.定语从句的谓语与先行词保持人称和数的一致。
注意:
先行词前有oneof修饰,定语从句的谓语用复数;
(nottheonlyoneof…=oneof…)
先行词前有the(only)oneof修饰时,定语从句的谓语用单数。
Timisoneofthestudentswhoaregoingtostudyabroad. (很多学生出国,Tim是其中之一)
Timisnottheonlyoneofthestudentswhoaregoingtostudyabroad.
Timistheoneofthestudentswhoisgoingtostudyabroad. (学生中只有Tim一个人出国)
现象:
1) Thegirlwhodancesbeautifullygaveusaperformancethatday.
2) Doyouknowthecomradewhospokejustnow?
3) Sheisnotthegirlthatshewasthreeyearsago.
4) ThisisthebookthatIboughtlastweek.
5) Ihaveahousewhichfacesthesouth.
6) He'llreadallthebooksthataresoldhere.
7) ThesearesomequestionsthatIwanttoaskyou.
概念:
在复合句中修饰名词或代词,充当定语的从句叫定语从句。
定语从句翻译模式:
“……的”。
特点:
1) 从句开头的that,which,who,whom等叫引导词,它们的作用是把从句引导出来.
2) 在理论上,从句都有引导词。
3) 常见的定语从句的引导词有that,which,who,who,whose等。
4) 引导词其实指代它所说明的名词或代词。
5) 引导词同时又作定语从句的一个成份(主语\宾语\定语\状语)。
6) 定语从句一般紧跟在它所说明的名词或代词(先行词)后面(有例外情况)。
7) 先行词指定语从句说明(修饰)的名词或代词。
引导词的用法:
引导词指代人(先行词是人)的情况(主\宾\定):
Doyouknowthecomradewhospokejustnow?
Theboythat/whomIlikemostisnotonlytallandhandsomebutgenerous.
Thisisthegirlwhosefatherisadriver.
引导词指代物(先行词是物)的情况(主\宾\定):
Ihaveahousewhichislocatedonthehillside.
Thisisthebookthat/whichIboughtlastweek.
ThesearesomequestionsthatIwanttoaskyou.
Iwanttobuythehousewhosewindowsarelargeandred.
引导词作主语的情况:
1) ThewomanwhooftencomesisTom’smother.
2) Ihavefoundamanwhocanrepairmywatch.
3) Heisamanwhoshouldlearnfromot