重庆大学网教作业答案大学英语4第2次.docx

重庆大学网教作业答案大学英语4第2次.docx

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重庆大学网教作业答案大学英语4第2次

第2次作业

一、阅读理解（本大题共100分，共5小题，每小题20分）

1.

Hungerisnonovelty.Wecandiscountlegendsofgoldenages,landsofCockayne,andMefgasthenes'statementthatbeforeAlexander'sinvasionofIndia,therehadneverbeenfamineorfoodshortagethere.TrustworthyhistoricalrecordsshowthatduringtheRenaissanceoneyearinteninBritain,andoneinfiveinEurope,wasafamineyear.China,withagreaterareaandmorediverseclimate,hadafamineinsomeregioneveryyear.

Famineisastateofaffairsinwhichpeoplearedyinginthestreets.Itthereforeattractsthenoticeofhistoriansandisrecorded.Thefactthatitstrikespeoplewhoareawareofhavingbeenproperlyfedandwellismoreimportant.Notonlyarethesurvivorsmoreresilient,theyarealsoangryatthebreakdownofthesystemandeagertodosomethingaboutitthoughitisobviousfromtherecordthattheydonotalwayshavethemeans.Malnutritionismuchmoreinsidious.Itisachronicstateinwhichthetotalfoodsupplyor,moreoften,thesupplyofcertaincomponentssuchasproteinorsomeofthevitamins,isinadequate.Itseemsprobablethat,eitherconstantlyorseasonally.Itusedtobetheusualconditionofmankindandwasregardedasnormal.Thericketyappearanceofthefiguresinmedievalpaintingsanddrawingsisoftenputdowntotheincompetenceoftheartist:

itisaslikelythatmostpeoplereallydidlooklikethat.Theexuberancewithwhichpoetsgreetedthe"merrymonthofMay"may,inourdullclimate,havehadameteorologicalbasis:

itisjustaslikelythatinMay,aftersixmonths'shortage,therewasnowanadequatevitaminsupply.Thepromptnesswithwhichsomesailorssuccumbedtoscurvyafterleavingportsuggeststhattheywerenormallyontheedgeofscurvyandneededonlyaslightworseningofconditionstogetitacutely.Otherswillthinkofotherexamples.Hungerandmalnutritionarecomponents,ofaclassicexampleofaviciouscycle.Theyleadtoenfeeblementorapathyinwhichnothingeithercanbedone,orseemstobeworthdoing,toalterthestateofaffairs;thisleadstomorehungerandmalnutrition.Thereisgoodreasontothinkthat,inmuchofthedevelopingworld,ifthecyclecouldoncethebroken,itwouldneverreturn.

（1）.

Accordingtothetext,hungerinthepast____.

A.

occurredmorefrequentlyinBritainthanintherestofEurope

B.

waslessofaproblemthanitistoday

C.

wasalmostunknownintheIndiansubcontinent

D.

wasquitearegularoccurrence

（2）.

Thewritersuggeststhatfamineisdifferentfrommalnutritionbecause____.

A.

itisafarmorewidespreadproblem

B.

itcausesrathermorepeopletodie

C.

itarousesadesireforactionratherthanmereapathy

D.

ittendstoaffecttherichandwellfedmorethanthepoor

（3）.

Whatdoesthewritersayaboutmalnutrition?

____

A.

ItwasacommonconditionintheMiddleAges.

B.

Itarousesagreatdealofemotionandinterest.

C.

Itaffectedthecompetenceofmedievalartists.

D.

Itisamoreobviousproblemthanfamine.

（4）.Thewritersaysthatmanysailorsinthepastsuccumbedrapidlytoscurvybecause____.

A.

theydidnothaveenoughtoeat

B.

theywerenotusedtolivingatsea

C.

theywerealreadysufferingfrommalnutrition

D.

theycaughtitfromothersailors

（5）.Accordingtothewriter,theviciouscircleofmalnutritionindevelopingcountries____.

A.

makeslong-termprogressverydifficulttoachieve

B.

couldbebrokenforgoodifitwerebrokenonce

C.

hasasignificanteffectonthedevelopedcountries

D.

couldextendtodevelopedcountriesinthefuture

2.

Oneofthemostfascinatingquestionsabouthumanbehavioriseachpersonisdifferentfromallothers.Theanswertothisquestionwouldexplaintheaspectofhumannaturecalledpersonality.Sometheoriesassumethatinborncharacteristicsdeterminehumanpersonality.Manyobservershavehypothesizedthateachpersonhasadominanttemperament,presentfrombirth,thatinfluenceshisorherbehaviorduringanentirelifetime.Accordingtooneofthesetheories,peoplecanbeclassifiedintofourbasictypes:

sanguine,choleric,phlegmaticandmelancholic.Eachtypeortemperamentischaracterizedbyauniquesetofpossiblestrengthsandpossibleweaknesses.

Sanguinepeoplearedescribedasthemostoutgoingofthefourtemperaments.Theyarewarm,fun-loving,andlikethecompanyofothers.Becauseofthesestrengths,itissaidthatsanguinesoftenmakegoodsalesmen,actors,orpublicspeakers.Sanguines,however,mayhavesomeseriousweaknesses.Theirproblemsoftencomefromtheirlackofdiscipline.Easilydistracted,theyoftenlacktheconcentrationtocompleteajoborfollowthroughonapromise.Forthisreason,otherpeoplemaynottrustthem.

Cholericpeople,arequitedifferentfromthecarefree,emotionalsanguines.Becauseoftheirstrongwill,decisiveness,andproductivity,cholericsarenaturalleaderswhoaregoodatmakingvastplansandmotivatingotherpeopletohelpthemcarryouttheirplans.Theyareoftensuccessfulinbusiness,industry,orpolitics.Cholericweaknessescanbeverydamaging,however.Becauseastrongdesiretolead,theycanbecruelandcoldtowardthosewhodonotwishtofollow.Theyoftendonotlistentoadvicefromothers,andoncetheymakeadecision,theymaybecomehostiletowardanyonewhoquestionsthatdecision.

Phlegmaticsarecalm,easygoingpeoplewhostriveforefficiencyandorganization.Verydiplomaticandpolite,theymakepeoplefeelcomfortableandgenerallyhelpkeepthingsrunningsmoothly.Forthesereasons,theymakegoodteachers,technicians,etc.Phlegmatics,however,oftenhaveweaknessesthatkeepthemfrombecomingsuccessful.Afraidtotakechances,theymayletopportunitiesgoby.Infact,theymayavoidtakinganystepstoimprovetheirpositioninlife.

Melancholicsareoftenconsideredtobegiftedpersonswhopossesscreativetalent.Theyareveryanalyticalandabletounderstandcomplicatedprocessesandtonotedetail.Thesepeoplecanmakegooddoctors,scientists,artists,writers,andmusicians.Melancholicsarealsosaidtobeloyal,idealisticandself-sacrificing.However,melancholicsfrequentlymakethemselvesmiserablebecausetheytendtobenegativeandcritical,andputupinflexiblestandards.Theyattachimportancetoeverythingtheydo,sotheyworrytoomuchandseeproblemseverywhere,andcomplaintoomuch.Theyoftenbecomedisappointedbecauseneithertheynorthepeoplearoundthemcanliveuptotheirhighstandards.

Explaininghumanpersonalityintermsofinnatetemperamentsisatheorythathasnotbeengenerallyacceptedbypsychologists.Theycriticizeitforbeingtoosimplisticandunscientific.Thismaybeso;however,present-daypsychologistshavebeenunabletoformulateasingletheory.

（1）.

Theword"dominant"probablymeans____.

A.

primary

B.

minor

C.

great

D.

insignificant

（2）.

Outgoingarethosesanguinepeople____.

A.

wholiketobeinbigfirmsorcorporations

B.

whoareemotionalandcarefree

C.

whoenjoythehabitofmakingfunofothers

D.

whocanbegoodbusinessmen

（3）.

WhataresaidtobethemostimportantfeaturesofCholericpeople?

____

A.

Cruelbutsympathetic.

B.

Decisiveandcold.

C.

Hostileandfun-loving.

D.

Strong-willedandpolite.

（4）.

Whoarelikelytoberejectedbyabright-futureproject?

____

A.

Cholerics.

B.

Sanguines.

C.

Melancholies.

D.

Phlegnatics.

（5）.

Whyiseachpersondifferentfromallothers?

___

A.

Becauseoftheirpsychology.

B.

Becauseoftheirdifferentbackground.

C.

Becauseoftheirvariousbodytemperature.

D.

Becauseoftheirinnatepersonalities.

3.

Chicagotaxpayerspaid$30anhourtoprovidereputedmob（黑帮）bossJosephLombardowithhisownpersonalchauffeur,Theyalsopaidcityworkerswhoranbusiness,conductedshake-downs,wenttotheracetrackandevencommittedajewelrobberyoncitytime.Allofthisoccurredinthecity'sscandal-riddenDepartmentofStreetsandSanitation（卫生）."There'salwaysbeenalinkbetweenthemobandtheDepartmentofStreetsandSanitation,"saidJerryGladden,investigatoroftheChicagoCrimeCommission."Thehoodssigninandleave.Theygethealthbenefitsandapaycheck.It'sacommonpractice."

AccordingtotheresultsofaninvestigationconductedbyCityInspectorGeneralAlexanderVroustouris,asanitationdepartmentforemanbythenameofChirsSpinausedcitycrewstoclearoutcity-ownedscrapmetal（废金属）ondepartmentpropertyandsoldthescraptoprivatescrapyards.Inaddition,theVroustourisinvestigationreports,Spina,whowaspaid$20anhourbyStreetsandSanitation,wasspotteddrivingLombardoaroundthecityduringworkinghours.Heevenfilledforovertimepaymentsforthechauffeuringduties.Spinahassincebeenfired.

（1）.

Themaincontentofthispassageisabout____.

A.

thatChicagotaxpayerspaidmoneytomobs

B.

thecorruptionofcityofficials

C.

aninvestigationofDepartmentofStreetsandSanitation

D.

adriverwhodroveformobs

（2）.

Theword"Samaritans"（Para3）refersto____.

A.

employersinthePlumbingCompany

B.

GillandJones

C.

rescuingcrew

D.

workersintheconstructionsite

（3）.

Theword"cave-ins"（Para4）means____.

A.

inthecave

B.

inahole

C.

inaditch

D.

fallingdown

（4）.

WhywasthePlumbingcompanyfined?

____

A.

Becauseitsemployeesdidnottakeprecautions.

B.

Becauseitdidnotrescueeffectively.

C.

Becauseitdidnotprovidehardhatsfortheemployees.

D.

Becauseitfailedtobuildthetrenchwallfirmly.

（5）.

Whatcanwelearnfromthispassage?

____

A.

Kaufmanshouldnotwalkunderthetrenchwall.

B.

Gillshouldwearh