大学英语六级真题完整版.docx

大学英语六级真题完整版.docx

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大学英语六级真题完整版

PartIWriting（30minutes）

注意：

此部分试题在答题卡1上。

Directions:

Forthispart,youareallowed30minutetowriteashortessayonthetopicofstudentsselectingtheirlectures.Youshouldwriteatleast120wordsfollowingtheoutlinegivenbellow:

MyViewonUniversityRanking

1.现在有很多高校评级

2.人们对此看法各异

3.你认为……

PartIIReadingComprehension（SkimmingandScanning）（15minutes）

Direction:

Inthispart,youwillhave15minutestogooverthepassagequicklyandanswerthequestionsonAnswerSheet1.Forquestions1-7,choosethebestanswerfromthefourchoicesA）,B）,C）andD）.Forquestions8–10,completethesentenceswiththeinformationgiveninthepassage.

IntotheUnknown

Theworldhasneverseenpopulationageingbefore.Canitcope?

Untiltheearly1990snobodymuchthoughtaboutwholepopulationsgettingolder.TheUNhadtheforesighttoconvenea“worldassemblyonageing”backin1982,butthatcameandwent.By1994,theWorldBankhadnoticedthatsomethingbigwashappening.Inareportentitled“AvertingtheOldAgeCrisis”,itarguedthatpensionarrangementsinmostcountrieswereunsustainable.

Forthenexttenyearsasuccessionofbooks,mainlybyAmericans,soundedthealarm.TheyhadtitleslikeYoungvsOld,GrayDawnandTheComingGenerationalStorm,andtheirmessagewasblunt:

health-caresystemswereheadingfortherocks,pensionersweretakingyoungpeopletothecleaners,andsoontherewouldbeintergenerationalwarfare.

Sincethenthedebatehasbecomelessemotional,notleastbecausealotmoreunknownaboutthesubject.Books,conferencesandresearchpapershavemultiplied.InternationalorganizationssuchastheOECDandtheEUissueregularreports.Populationsageingisoneveryagenda,fromG8economicconferencestoNATOsummits.TheWorldEconomicForumplanstoconsiderthefutureofpensionsandhealthcareatitsprestigiousDavosconferenceearlynextyear.Themedia,includingthisnewspaper,aregivingthesubjectextensivecoverage.

Whetherallthatattentionhastranslatedintosufficientactionisanotherquestion.Governmentsinrichcountriesnowacceptthattheirpensionsandhealth-carepromiseswillsoonbecomeunaffordable,andmanyofthemhaveembarkedonreforms,butsofaronlytimidly.Thatisnotsurprising:

politicianswithaneyeonthenextelectionwillhardlyrushtointroduceunpopularmeasuresthatmaynotbearfruitforyearsperhapsdecades.

Theoutlineofthechangesneededisclear.Toavoidfiscal（财政的）meltdown,publicpensionsandhealth-careprovisionwillhavetobereinedbackseverelyandtaxesmayhavetogoup.Byfarthemosteffectivemethodtorestrainpensionspendingistogivepeopletheopportunitytoworklonger,becauseitincreasestaxrevenuesandreducesspendingonpensionsatthesametime.Itmayevenkeepthemalivelonger.JohnRother,theAARP’sheadofpolicyandstrategy,pointstostudiesshowingthatotherthingsbeingequalpeoplewhoremainatworkhavelowerdeathratesthantheirretiredpeers.

Youngerpeopletodaymostlyacceptthat,theywillhavetoworkforlongerandthattheirpensionswillbelessgenerous.Employersstillneedtobepersuadedthatolderworkersareworthholdingonto.Thatmaybebecausetheyhavehadplentyofyoungeronestochoosefrom,partlythankstothepost-warbaby-boomandpartlybecauseoverthepastfewdecadesmanymorewomenhaveenteredthelaborforce,increasingemployers’choice.Butthereservoirofwomenableandwillingtotakeuppaidworkisrunninglow,andthebaby-boomersaregoinggrey.

Inmanycountriesimmigrantshavebeentillingsuchgapsinthelaborforceashavealreadyemerged（andrememberthattherealshortageisstillaroundtenyearsoff）.Immigrationinthedevelopedworldisthehighestithaseverbeen,itismakingausefuldifference.Instill-fertileAmericaifcurrentlyaccountsforabout40%oftotalpopulationgrowth,andinfast-ageingwesternEuropeanforabout90%.

Onthefaceofit,itseemstheperfectsolution.Manydevelopingcountrieshavelotsofyoungpeopleinneedofjobs;manyrichcountriesneedhelpinghandsthatwillboosttaxrevenuesandkeepupeconomicgrowth.Butoverthenextfewdecadeslaborforcesinrichcountriesaresettoshrinksomuchthatinflowsofimmigrantswouldhavetoincreaseenormouslytocompensate:

toatleasttwicetheircurrentsizeinwesternEurope’smostyouthfulcountries,andthreetimesintheolderones.Japanwouldneedalargemultipleofthefewimmigrantsithasatpresent.Publicopinionpollsshowthatpeopleinmostrichcountriesalreadythinkthatimmigrationistoohigh.Furtherbigincreaseswouldbepoliticallyunfeasible.

Totackletheproblemofageingpopulationsatitsroots,“old”countrieswouldhavetorejuvenate（使年轻）themselvesbyhavingmoreoftheirownchildren.Anumberofthemhavetriedsomemoresuccessfullythanothers.Butitisnotasimplematterofofferingfinancialincentivesorprovidingmorechildcare.Modernurbanlifeinrichcountriesisnotwelladaptedtolargefamilies.Womenfindithardtocombinefamilyandcareer.Theyoftencompromisebyhavingjustonechild.

Andiffertilityinageingcountriesdoesnotpickup?

Itwillnotbetheendoftheworld,atleastnotforquiteawhileyet,buttheworldwillslowlybecomeadifferentplace.Oldersocietiesmaybelessinnovativeandmorestronglydisinclinedtotakerisksthanyoungerones.By2025attheleast,abouthalfthevotersinAmericaandmostofthoseinwesternEuropeancountries.Academicstudieshavefoundnoevidencesofarthatoldervotershaveusedtheirpowerattheballotboxtopushforpoliciesthatspecificallybenefitthem,thoughifinfuturetherearemanymoreofthemtheymightstartdoingso.

Noristhereanysignoftheintergenerationalwarfarepredictedinthe1990s.afterall,olderpeoplethemselvesmostlyhavefamilies.Inarecentstudyofparentsandgrown-upchildrenin11Europeancountries,KarstenHankofManniheimUniversityfoundthat85%ofthemlivedwithin25kmofeachotherandthemajorityofthemwereintouchatleastonceaweek.

Evenso,theshiftinthecenterofgravitytoolderagegroupsisboundtohaveaprofoundeffectonsocieties,notjusteconomicallyandpoliticallybutinallsortsofotherwaystoo.RichardJacksonandNeilHoweofAmerica’sCSIS,inathoughtfulbookcalledTheGrayingoftheGreatPowers,arguethat,amongotherthings,theageingofthedevelopedcountrieswillhaveanumberofserioussecurityimplications.

Forexample,theshortageofyoungadultsislikelytomakecountriesmorereluctanttocommitthefewtheyhavetomilitaryservice.Inthedecadesto2050,Americawillfinditselfplayinganever-increasingroleinthedevelopedworlddefenceeffort.BecauseAmerica’spopulationwillstillbegrowingwhenthatofmostotherdevelopedcountriesisshrinking,Americawillbetheonlydevelopedcountrythatstillmattersgeopolitically（地缘政治上）.

Askmein2020

Thereislittlethatcanbedonetostoppopulationageing,sotheworldwillhavetolivewithit.Butsomeoftheconsequencescanbealleviated.Manyexpertsnowbelievethatgiventherightpolicies,theeffects,thoughgrave,neednotbecatastrophic.Mostcountrieshaverecognizedtheneedtodosomethingandarebeginningtoact.

Buteventhenthereisnoguaranteethattheireffortswillwork.Whatishappeningnowishistoricallyunprecedented.RonaldLee,directoroftheCenterontheEconomicsandDemographyofAgeingattheUniversityofCalifornia,Berkeley,putsitbrieflyandclearly:

“Wedon’treallyknowwhatpopulationageingwillbelike,becausenobodyhasdoneityet.”

1.Inits1994report,theWorldBankarguedthatthecurrentpensionsysteminmostcountriescould.

A.notbesustainedinthelongterm

B.furtheracceleratetheageingprocess

C.hardlyhaltthegrowthofpopulation

D.helptideoverthecurrentageingcrisis

2.WhatmessageisconveyedinthebookslikeYoungvsOld?

A.Thegenerationgapisboundtonarrow

B.Intergenerationalconflictswillintensify.

C.Theyoungergenerationwillbeattheold.

D.Oldpeopleshouldgivewaytotheyoung.

3.Onereasonwhypensionandhealthcarereformsareslowincomingisthat.

A.nobodyiswillingtosacrificetheirownintereststotackletheproblem.

B.mostpeopleareagainstmeasuresthatwillnotbearfruitimmediately

C.theproposedreformswillaffecttoomanypeople’sinterests.

D.politiciansareafraidoflosingvotesinthenextelection.

4.Theauthorbelievesthemosteffectivemethodtosolvethepensioncrisisto.

A.allowpeopletoworklonger.

B.increasetaxrevenues

C.cutbackonhealthcareprovisions

D.startreformsrightaway

5.Thereasonwhyemployersareunwillingtokeepolderworkeristhat.

A.theyaregenerallydifficulttomanage

B.thelongertheywork,thehighertheirpension

C.theirpayishigherthatthatofyoungerones

D.youngerworkersarereadilyavailable

6.Tocompensateforthefast-shrinkinglaborforce,Japanwouldneed.

A.toreviseitscurrentpopulationcontrolpolicy

B.largenumbersofimmigrantsfromoverseas

C.toautomateitsmanufacturingandserviceindustries

D.apoliticallyfeasiblepolicyconcerningpopulation

7.Whydomanywomeninrichcountriescompromisebyhavingonlyonechild?

A.Smallfamiliesarebecomingmorefashionable.

B.Theyfindithardtobalancecareerandfamily.

C.Itistooexpensivetosupportalargefamily.

D.Childcareistoobigaproblemforthem.

8.Comparedwithyoungerones,oldersocietiesarelessinclinedto.

9.Thepredictedintergenerationalwarfareisunlikelybecausemostoftheolderpeoplethemselves.

10.Countriesthathaveashortageofyoungadultswillbelesswilling