听力原文学术英语2.docx

听力原文学术英语2.docx

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听力原文学术英语2

Unit1

1.Mostcountriestakeacensusevery10yearsorsoinordertocountthepeopleandtoknowwheretheyareliving.

1.大多数国家每10年左右进行一次人口普查，以便统计人口并了解他们的居住区域。

2.Acountrywithagrowingpopulationisacountrythatisbecomingmorepopulous.

2.人口增长的国家是一个人口越来越多的国家。

3.Aperson’sraceispartlydeterminedbyskincolorandtypeofhairaswellasotherphysicalcharacteristics.

3.一个人的种族部分取决于肤色和头发类型以及其他身体特征。

4.ThemajorityoftheU.S.populationisofEuropeanorigin.

4.大多数美国人口来自欧洲

5.Thegeographicaldistributionofacountry’spopulationgivesinformationaboutwherethepeopleareliving.

5.一个国家人口的地理分布提供了人们居住地的信息。

6.ManydifferentkindsofpeoplecomprisethetotalU.S.population.Inotherwords,peopleofdifferentracesandagesmakeupthepopulation.

6.许多不同类型的人构成美国总人口。

换句话说，不同种族和年龄的人构成了人口。

7.ThemedianageoftheU.S.population,whichisarelativelylargeone,hasbeengettingprogressivelyhigherrecently.

7.美国人口的年龄中位数相对较大，最近逐渐上升。

8.Metropolitanareasaremoredenselypopulatedthanruralareas.Thatis,theyhavemorepeoplepersquaremile.

8.大都市区的人口密度高于农村地区。

也就是说，他们每平方英里有更多的人。

9.IwanttodiscussthedistributionoftheU.S.populationintermsofageandgender.

9.我想讨论美国人口在年龄和性别方面的分布。

10.Infact,statistically,womengenerallylivelongerthanmenworldwide.

10.事实上，从统计数据来看，女性在全世界的寿命通常比男性长。

11.Acountrywhosebirthrateishigherthanitsdeathratewillhaveanincreasingpopulation.

11.出生率高于死亡率的国家人口将增加。

12.Ontheaverage,womenhaveahigherlifeexpectancythanmendo.

Todaywe’regoingtotalkaboutpopulationintheUnitedStates.Accordingtothemostrecentgovernmentcensus,in2010,thepopulationisalmost309millionpeople,anincreaseofabout27millionpeoplesincethe2000census.Apopulationofcloseto309millionmakestheUnitedStatesthethirdmostpopulouscountryinthewholeworld.Now,asyouprobablyknow,thePeople’sRepublicofChinaisthemostpopulouscountryintheworld.Doyouknowwhichisthesecondmostpopulous?

IfyouthoughtIndia,youwereright.Thefourth,fifth,andsixthmostpopulouscountriesareIndonesia,Brazil,andPakistan.Nowlet’sgetbacktotheUnitedStatesandlookattheU.S.populationinthreedifferentways.Thefirstwayisbyraceandorigin.Herewe’retalkingaboutthepercentagesofwhites,blacks,andsoon—andthepartsoftheworldthattheyortheirancestorscamefrom.Second,we’lllookatthepopulationbygeographicaldistribution.Inotherwords,wherepeoplelive.Andthethirdwayisbytheageandgenderofthepopulation.Letmemakesureyougotallofthosedowninyournotes.First,we’lllookatthepopulationbyraceandorigin.Second,bygeographicaldistribution.Andlast,byageandgender.

Firstofall,let’stakealookatthepopulationbyraceandorigin.The2010U.S.censusreportsthat72.4percentofthepopulationiswhite,whereas12.6percentisblack.About4.8percentareofAsianorigin;NativeHawaiiansandotherPacificIslanderscomprise0.2percent;andNativeAmericansare0.9percent.2.9percentofthepopulationisamixtureoftwoormoreraces,and6.2percentreportthemselvesas“ofsomeotherrace.”Let’smakesureyourfiguresareright:

white,72.4percent;black,12.6percent;Asian,4.8percent;NativeHawaiianandotherPacificIslanders,0.2percent;NativeAmerican,0.9percent;amixtureoftwoormoreraces,2.9percent;andpeoplewhosaythey’reofsomeotherrace,6.2percent.Interestingly,Hispanics,whoseoriginslieinSpanish-speakingcountries,comprisewhites,blacks,andNativeAmericans,sotheyarealreadyincludedintheabovefigures.However,itisimportanttonotethatHispanicsmakeup16.3percentofthepresentU.S.population.

Anotherwayoflookingatthepopulationisbygeographicaldistribution.DoyouhaveanyideawhichstatesarethefivemostpopulousintheUnitedStates?

Well,I’llhelpyououtthere.ThefivemostpopulousstatesareCalifornia,withmorethan37millionpeople;Texas,withmorethan25million;NewYork,withalittlemorethan19million;Florida,withalittlelessthan19million;andfinally,Illinoiswithalmost13millionpeople.Thesefiguresaresurprisingtomanypeoplebecause,althoughoverhalfofthetotalU.S.populationlivesintheSouthandWest,theEastismoredenselypopulated.Nevertheless,therearemorepeoplealltogetherintheSouthandWest.Tounderstandthisseemingcontradiction,oneneedonlyconsidertherelativelylargersizeofmanysouthernandwesternstates,soalthoughtherearemorepeople,theyaredistributedoveralargerarea.Bytheway,theSouthandtheWestaregrowingmuchfasterthananyotherareaofthecountry.Nowtofinishupthissectionongeographicaldistribution,considerthatabout83percentofthepeopleliveinmetropolitanareaslikeLosAngeles,NewYork,Chicago,andHouston.Thatmeansthatfewerthantwooutoftenpeopleliveinruralareas.

观察人口的另一种方式是地理分布。

你知道哪个州是美国人口最多的五个州吗？

好吧，我会帮你的。

人口最多的五个州是加利福尼亚州，人口超过3700万；德克萨斯州，超过2500万;纽约，略高于1900万;佛罗里达州，不到1900万;最后，伊利诺伊州有近1300万人。

这些数字令许多人感到惊讶，因为尽管美国总人口中有一半以上生活在南方和西方，但东方人口密度更高。

尽管如此，南方和西方还有更多的人聚集在一起。

要理解这种看似矛盾的问题，人们只需考虑相对较大的南部和西部各州的规模，因此虽然人口较多，但它们分布在更大的区域。

顺便说一句，南方和西方的增长速度远远超过该国其他任何地区。

现在要完成关于地理分布的这一部分，考虑到大约83％的人生活在洛杉矶，纽约，芝加哥和休斯敦等大都市区。

这意味着不到十分之二的人生活在农村地区。

Beforewefinishtoday,IwanttodiscussthedistributionoftheU.S.populationintermsofageandgender.Justforinterest,wouldyousaytherearemoremenormorewomenintheUnitedStates?

Well,accordingtothe2010census,therearemorewomen.Infact,therearemorethan5millionmorewomenthanmenintheUnitedStates.Ifweconsiderthatmoremalesthanfemalesareborneachyear,howcanthisdifferencebeexplained?

Well,oneimportantreasonisthatthereisaprogressivelyhigherdeathrateformalesastheygetolder.Asof2010thelifeexpectancyforwomenwas80.8years,whereasformenitwasonly75.7years.Infact,statistically,womengenerallylivelongerthanmenworldwide.A2011estimateoftheaveragelifeexpectancyworldwideforthetotalpopulationisabout69forfemalesand65formales.

Youdon’tneedtotakenotesonthis,butIthoughtyoumightbeinterestedinthelifeexpectancyforthetotalpopulationintheotherfivemostpopulouscountriesImentionedearlier:

China:

about75yearsofage,India:

about67,Indonesia:

about71,Brazil,about72andahalf,andPakistan,about70.

Now,tofinishup,let’slookatthemedianageofthewholepopulation.Themedianageistheagethathalfofthepopulationisolderthanandhalfisyoungerthan.Overall,themedianageoftheU.S.populationisincreasing:

from35.3yearsin2000to37.2yearsin2010.Themedianagehasbeenslowly,butsteadily,increasingoverthepastseveraldecades.Thistrendtowardahighermedianagecanbeexplainedbyadecreasingbirthrateandanincreasinglifeexpectancyforthepopulationasawhole.I’dliketoinvestigatethesetwosubjectsfurther,butIseeourtimeisup,sowe’llhavetostopnow.

1.WhichtwocountrieshavealargerpopulationthantheUnitedStates?

ChinaandIndia

2.WhatwasthepopulationoftheUnitedStatesinthe2010census?

307M

3.Whichgroupisbigger,blacksorHispanics?

Hispanics

4.Whichstateismorepopulous,FloridaorTexas?

Texas

5.InwhattworegionsofthecountrydomostAmericanslive?

Southandwest

6.Whatratioofthepopulationlivesinruralareas?

2:

10

7.HowmanymorewomenthanmenarethereintheU.S.population?

5m

8.AbouthowmanyyearslongerdowomenlivethanmenintheUnitedStates?

5years

9.Whatwastheincreaseinthemedianagefrom2000to2010?

37.2-35.3=1.9years

10.Whattwofactorsaccountfortheincreaseinthemedianage?

decreasingbirthrateandanincreasinglifeexpectancy

unit2

1.Sometimespeopleimmigratetoanewcountrytoescapepoliticalorreligiouspersecution.

1.有时人们移民到新的国家以逃避政治或宗教迫害。

2.Ratherthanimmigrants,theearlysettlersfromGreatBritainconsideredthemselvescolonists;theyhadlefthometosettlenewlandforthemothercountry.

2.早期的英国定居者认为自己是殖民者，而不是移民。

他们离开家乡为祖国定居新的土地。

3.Theso-calledGreatImmigration,whichcanbedividedintothreestages,ortimeperiods,beganabout1830andlastedtillabout1930.

3.所谓的大移民，可分为三个阶段或时间段，始于1830年左右，一直持续到1930年左右。

4.TheIndustrialRevolution,whichbeganinthenineteenthcentury,causedwidespreadunemploymentasmachinesreplacedworkers.

4.工业革命始于十九世纪，由于机器取代了工人，造成了广泛的失业。

5.ThescarcityoffarmlandinEuropecausedmanypeopletoimmigratetotheUnitedStates,wheretherewasanabundanceofavailableland.

5.欧洲农田的稀缺导致许多人移民到美国，那里有大量可用的土地。

6.LandintheUnitedStateswasplentifulandavailablewhenthecountrywasexpandingwestward.Infact,theU.S.governmentofferedfreepubliclandtocitizensin1862.

6.当该国向西扩张时，美国的土地很丰富。

事实上，美国政府于1862年向公民提供免费公共土地。

7.ThefailureoftheIrishpotatocropinthemiddleofthenineteenthcenturycausedwidespreadstarvation.

7.十九世纪中叶爱尔兰马铃薯作物的失败引起了广泛的饥荒。

8.ThefirstlawthatlimitedthenumberofimmigrantscomingfromacertainpartoftheworldwastheChineseExclusionActof1882,butin1965strictquotasbasedonnationalitywereeliminated.

8.限制来自世界某一地区的移民人数的第一部法律是1882年的“排华法案”，但在1965年，基于国籍的严格配额被取消。

9.Thisisthelargestnumberofimmigrantsinhistory,althoughtheshareofthetotalpopulationtoday,12.8percent,hasbeenlargerinthepast.

9.这是历史上移民人数最多的国家，尽管今天总人口的比例为12.8％，但在过去一直较大。

10.Strictanti-immigrationlawsatthestateorfederallevelandsanctionsagainstemployerswhohireillegalimmigrantscouldleadtoadeclineinimmigrationtotheUnitedStates.

10.在州或联邦一级制定严格的反移民法，对雇用非法移民的雇主实施制裁可能会导致移民到美国的人数下降。

ThesubjectofimmigrationisquitefascinatingtomostAmericansbecausetheyviewthemselvesasanationofimmigr