Overview Sentence Structure 美国大学入学考试英语复习资料Word格式.docx

Overview Sentence Structure 美国大学入学考试英语复习资料Word格式.docx

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Theverbgivestheactionoftheclause.Theverbalsotellsthetimeoftheaction—present,past,orfuture.Averbcanhaveseveralparts.Allthepartstogetherformthecompleteverb.

Completeverb:

Jackwaswalkingupthehill.

Intheexample,waswalkingisthecompleteverb.Itismadeupofamainverb（walking）andahelpingverb（was）.Likeasubject,averbcanalsohavemodifiers.Intheexample,thephraseupthehillmodifiestheverbwaswalkingbecauseittellssomethingabouttheaction.Acompleteverbtogetherwithallitsmodifiersiscalledthepredicateofthesentence.

Predicate:

TypesofSentencesbyPurpose

Sentencescanbeidentifiedbythepurposetheyserve.Theycanbedeclarative,interrogative,imperative,andexclamatory.Mostsentencesaredeclarative.Declarativesentencesarestatements.

Declarativesentence:

Dinosaurswouldmakegreatpets.

Interrogativesentencesaskaquestion.Putaquestionmarkattheendofaninterrogativesentence.Interrogativesentencesoftenstartwithaquestionword:

who,what,where,when,how,whom,whose,which.

Interrogativesentence:

Whenwillthesalesmeetingstart?

Imperativesentencesissueacommandoraninstruction.Thesubjectofanimperativesentenceisalwaysyou.Thesubjectyouisunderstood;

itisnotstatedinthesentence.

Imperativesentence:

[You]Pleasehandinyourexampapers.

Exclamatorysentencesexpresssurpriseorstrongemotion.Anexclamatorysentenceendswithanexclamationpoint.

Exclamatorysentence:

Ican'

tbelieveyouateallthaticecream!

TurningaDeclarativeSentenceintoanInterrogativeSentence

Statementscanbeturnedintoquestions.Youmayhavetochangethewordorderofthesentenceandaddahelpingverboraquestionword.

Method1:

Ifthereisahelpingverbinthesentence,moveittothestartofthestatement.

Statement:

TheofficewillbeclosedonMonday.

Question:

WilltheofficebeclosedonMonday?

Method2:

Adddotothestartofthestatement.Changethemainverbtoitspresenttenseform.

Thecollegearrangedformorescholarshipstobeawarded.

Didthecollegearrangeformorescholarshipstobeawarded?

Noticethattheverbarrangedbecomesarrangewhendidisadded.

Method3:

Changethesubjecttowho,what,orwhich,orusewhosetostartthequestion.

Thisphotoisthebestphotointheexhibit.

Whichisthebestphotointheexhibit?

Someone'

sparentsareinthewaitingroom.

Whoseparentsareinthewaitingroom?

Method4:

Addwhom,when,where,orhowtothestartofthesentence,andputthesubjectbetweenthehelpingverbandthemainverb.

Theclassstartsinanhour.

Whenwilltheclassstart?

Whendoestheclassstart?

Noticethatahelpingverb（willordoes）hasbeenaddedandthatthemainverb（start）isnowinthepresenttenseform.

TypesofSentencesbyStructure

Fourtypesofsentencestructuresareusedinwriting:

simple,compound,complex,andcompound-complex.

SimpleSentences

Asimplesentenceconsistsofoneindependentclause.Noticethatasimplesentencecanhavemorethanonesubjectandmorethanoneverb.

Simplesentence:

Theyareexpectingmanyopportunitiesforthefuture.

Thesentenceabovehasonesubject（They）andoneverb（areexpecting）.

Ihaveplansforthefutureandwanttorealizethemall.

Theprecedingsentencehasonesubject（I）andtwoverbs（have,want）.

EdandJimtookthedogsforawalk.

Intheprecedingexample,therearetwosubjects（Ed,Jim）andoneverb（took）.

MargaritaandIshopandgossipatthemall.

Theexampleabovehastwosubjects（Margarita,I）andtwoverbs（shop,gossip）.

CompoundSentences

Acompoundsentenceconsistsoftwoormoreindependentclausesjoinedtogether.Theclausescanbejoinedbyacommaandacoordinatingconjunction（and,but,for,nor,or,so,oryet）orbyasemicolon.

Compoundsentence:

NatashaandChristywantedtostayinafancyhotel,buttheydidn'

thaveenoughmoney.

NatashaandChristywenttoMexicoonvacation;

theyusedtheirsavingstopayforthetrip.

ComplexSentences

Acomplexsentenceiscomposedofoneindependentclauseandatleastonedependentclause.Adependentclausebeginswitheitherasubordinatingconjunctionorarelativepronoun.

Complexsentence:

BecauseIregisteredearly,IgottheclassesIwanted.

Intheexample,thedependentclauseisBecauseIregisteredearly.Thedependentclausecancomebeforeoraftertheindependentclause.

Hint:

Asshownintheexample,acommacomesafteradependentclausethatstartsasentence.

Herearelistsofsubordinatingconjunctionsandrelativepronouns.

SubordinatingConjunctions

after

because

since

until

although

before

so

when

as

evenif

sothat

whenever

asif

eventhough

than

where

aslongas

how

that

wherever

assoonas

if

though

whether

asthough

inorderthat

unless

while

RelativePronouns

who

whom

whose

which

Compound-ComplexSentences

Acompound-complexsentencehasatleasttwoindependentclausesandatleastonedependentclause.

Compound-complexsentence:

BecauseIstartedmyreportearly,Ihandeditinontime,butmanystudentshadtroublemeetingthedeadline.

Intheexample,thedependentclauseisBecauseIstartedmyreportearly.TheindependentclausesareIhandeditinontimeandmanystudentshadtroublemeetingthedeadline.

BecauseIstartedmyreportearly,Ihandeditinontime;

however,manystudentshadtroublemeetingthedeadline.

Inthisexample,thecomplexandcompoundsentencesarejoinedbyasemicolon.Noticethatthetransitionalword（however）isfollowedbyacomma.

CombiningSentences

Youcancombinedifferenttypesofclausestoachievevarietyinyourwriting.Usecoordinatingconjunctions,subordinatingconjunctions,andrelativepronounstojointheclauses.

CreatingCompoundSentences

Youcancreateacompoundsentencefromtwo（ormore）simplesentences.Jointhesimplesentenceswithacommaandacoordinatingconjunction（and,but,for,nor,or,so,oryet）.Oruseasemicolontojointhesimplesentences.

Amyenjoysreading.

Amycanreadveryquickly.

Amyenjoysreading,andshecanreadveryquickly.

Amyenjoysreading;

shecanreadveryquickly.

CreatingComplexSentences

Youcanusesubordinatingconjunctionsandrelativepronounstomakeasimplesentence（anindependentclause）intoadependentclause.Thenyoucanaddthenewdependentclausetoanindependentclausetoproduceacomplexsentencethataddsinterestandvarietytoyourwriting.

Howdoyouknowwhichsimplesentenceshouldbeindependentandwhichshouldbedependent?

Theideathatyouthinkismoreimportantshouldbetheindependentclause.Thelessimportantideawillthenbethedependentclause.Thefollowingexampleshowshowtocombinesimplesentencestomakeacomplexsentence.

Devinhasademandingjob.

Devinreallyenjoyshisjob.

ThoughDevinhasademandingjob,hereallyenjoysit.

ThiscomplexsentencestressesthatDevinenjoyshisjob.Thatthejobisdemandingislessimportant,sothedependentclauseisThoughDevinhasademandingjob.

Devinhasademandingjob,thoughhereallyenjoysit.

Inthiscomplexsentence,thefactthatDevin'

sjobisdemandingistheimportantpoint,soitisstatedintheindependentclauseandthoughhereallyenjoysitisthedependentclause.

Ifthedependentclausestartsthesentence,followitwithacomma.

CreatingCompound-ComplexSentences

Combineacompoundsentencewithacomplexsentencetogetacompound-complexsentence.Theindependentclausesmakethesentencecompound,andthedependentclausesmakeitcomplex.Hereisanexample.

Sheissellingheroldhouse.

Herhousehasonlyonebedroom.

Sheplanstobuyabiggerhouse.

Sheissellingheroldhouse,whichhasonlyonebedroom,andsheplanstobuyabiggerhouse.

Sheissellingheroldhouse,whichhasonlyonebedroom;

undoubtedly,sheplanstobuyabiggerhouse.

ThetwoindependentclausesareSheissellingheroldhouseandsheplanstobuyabiggerhouse,andthedependentclauseiswhichhasonlyonebedroom.

SentencePunctuation

Whenyouarejoiningsentencestogether,remembertousecorrectpunctuation.

EndPunctuationforAllSentences

Useaperiod