考博英语阅读材料Word文档格式.docx

考博英语阅读材料Word文档格式.docx

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2013医学考博英语作文

2013年华慧考博英语阅读材料

UnitOne

Passage1

Thephysicaldistributionofproductshastwoprimaryaspects:

transportationandstorage.Bothaspectsarehighlydevelopedandspecializedphasesofmarketing.Thecostsofbothtrans-portingandstoringarebuiltintothepricesofproducts.Transportationcanbebytruck,rail-

way,ship,orbarge.Forsomeitems,suchasexoticplantsandflowers,orwhenrapiddeliveryisessential,airfreightmaybeused.

Storage,orwarehousing,isanecessaryfunctionbecauseproductionandconsumptionofgoodsrarelymatch:

itemsgenerallyarenotsoldasquicklyastheyaremade.Inventoriesbuildup,bothinwarehousesandatretailestablishments,beforethefoodsaresold.Thetransporta-tionfunctionisinvolvedinbringinggoodstoawarehouseandtakingthemfromittoretailstores.

Storageperformstheserviceofstabilizingmarketprice.If,forexample,noagriculturalproductcouldbestored,allfoodwouldhavetobeputonthemarketimmediately.Thiswould,ofcourse,createaglutandlowerpricesdrastically.Therewouldbeanimmediatebenefittoconsumers,butinthelongruntheywouldsuffer.Farmers,becauseoflowprices,wouldbeforcedofftheland,andtheamountoffoodproducedwoulddecrease.This,inturn,wouldraiseconsumerprices.

Warehousesforstorageareofseveraltypes.Privatewarehousesareownedbymanufactur-ers.Publicwarehouses,inspiteoftheirname,areprivatelyownedfacilities,buttheyarein-dependentofmanufacturerownership.General-merchandisewarehousesstoreagreatvarietyofproducts.Cold-storagewarehousesstoreperishablegoods,especiallyfoodproducts.Grainele-vatorsareakindofwarehouseusedtokeepwheatandothergrainsfromspoiling.Abondedwarehouseisonethatstoresfoods,frequentlyimported,onwhichtaxesmustbepaidbeforetheyaresold.Cigarettesandalcoholicbeveragesarecommonexamples.

Thedistributioncenterisamorerecentlydevelopedkindofwarehouse.Manylargecom-panicshaveseveralmanufacturingplants,sometimeslocatedoutsidethecountry.Eachplantdoesnotmakeeverycompanyproductbutspecializesinoneormoreofthem.Thedistributioncenterallowsamanufacturertobringtogetherallproductlinesinoneplace.Itspurposeistominimizestorageandtoeasetheflowofgoodsfrommanufacturerstoretailersratherthanbuildupextensiveinventories.Itreducescostsbyspeedingupproductturnover.Verylargecorporationswillhaveseveraldistributioncentersregionallyorinternationallybased

1.Themainsubjectofthispassageis______.

A）transportationandstorageB）storageofproducts

C）distributioncenterD）twomainaspectsofproductdistribution

2.Warehousingisimportantinthat_

A）inventoriesbuildupbeforethegoodsaresold

B）thepriceswillgodown

C）moregoodsareproducedthancanbeconsumed

D）thefoodhastobeputonthemarketimmediately

3.Howmanytypesofwarehousesforstoragearediscussedinthepassage?

A）3.B）4.C）6.D）7.

4.Wheremightonefindmeatandmilk?

A）Grainelevator.B）Cold-storagewarehouse.

C）Privatewarehouse.D）Bondedwarehouse.

5.WhatisNOTtrueofadistributioncenter?

A）Itisarelativelynewtypeofwarehouse.

B）Productisreplacedmorequicklyandcostsaredown.

C）Somedistributioncentersarenotbuiltinthesanecountryasthefactory

D）Itbuildsupextensiveinventoriestominimizestorage.

Passage2

Howmuchpaindoanimalsfeel?

Thisisaquestionwhichhascausedendlesscontroversy.Opponentsofbiggameshooting,forexample,arouseourpitybydescribingtileagoniesofabadly-woundedbeastthathascrawledintoacomertodie.Incountrieswherethefox,thehareandthedeerarehunted,animal-loverspaintharrowingpicturesofthepursuedanimalsufferingnotonlythephysicaldistressofthechasebutthementalanguishofanticipateddeath.

Theusualanswertothesecriticismsisthatanimalsdonotsufferinthesameway,ortothesameextent,aswede.Manwascreatedwithadelicatenervoussystemandhasneverlosthisacutesensitivenesstopain;

animals,ontheotherhand,hadlesssensitivesystemstobeginwithandinthecourseofmillionsofyears,havedevelopedacapacityofignoringinjuriesanddisorderswhichhumanbeingswouldfindintolerable.Forexample,adogwillcontinuetoplaywithaballevenafteraseriousinjurytohisfoot;

hemaybeunabletorunwithoutlimping,buthewillgoontryinglongafterahumanchildwouldhavehadtostopbecauseofthepain.Wearetold,moreover,thatevenwhenanimalsappeartoustobesufferingacutely,thisisnotso;

whatseemstoustobeagonizedcontortionscausedbypainareinfactnomorethanmuscularcontractionsoverwhichtheyhavenocontrol.

Theseargumentsareunsatisfactorybecausesomethingaboutwhichweknowagreatdealisbeingcomparedwithsomethingwecanonlyconjecture.Weknowwhatwefeel;

wehavenomeansofknowingwhatanimalsfeet.Somecreatureswithalessdelicatenervoussystemthanoursmaybeincapableoffeelingpaintothesameextentaswedo:

thatasfarasweareentitledtodo,themosthumaneattitude,surely,istoassumethatnoanimalsareentirelyexemptfromphysicalpainandthatweought,therefore,whereverpossible,toavoidcausingsufferingeventotheleastofthem.

6.Animal-loversassumethatanimals,beinghunted,wouldsufferfrom____.

A）agreatdealofagonybothinbodyandinspirit

B）mentaldistressoncetheyarewounded

C）onlybodypainswithoutfeelingsad

D）crawlingintothecomertodie

7.Supportersofgameshootingmayarguethatanimals______.

A）cannotcontroltheirmuscularcontractions

B）havedevelopedacapacityoffeelingnopain

C）arenotasacutelysensitiveashumanbeingstoinjuries

D）canendureallkindsofdisorders

8.Theauthorfeelssurethat_____.

A）animalsdon'

tshowsufferingtous

B）dogsaremoreendurablethanhumanchildren

C）wecannotknowwhatanimalsfeel

D）comparinganimalswithhumanbeingsisnotappropriate

9.Whatistheauthor'

sopinionaboutanimalhunting?

A）Weshouldfeelthesameasthehuntedanimalsdo.

B）Weshouldprotectandsavealltheanimals.

C）Weshouldn'

tcausesufferingtothem.

D）Weshouldtakecareofthemifwecan.

10.Thispassageseemsto____.

A）argueforsomethingB）explainsomething

C）tellastoryD）describeanobject

Passage3

Inscience,atheoryisareasonableexplanationofobservedeventsthatarerelated.Athe-oryofteninvolvesanimaginarymodelthathelpsscientistspicturethewayanobservedeventcouldbeproduced.Agoodexampleofthisisfoundinthekineticmoleculartheory,inwhichgasesarepicturedasbeingmadeupofmanysmallparticlesthatareinconstantmotion.

Ausefultheory,inadditiontoexplainingpastobservations,helpstopredicteventsthathavenotasyetbeenobserved.Afteratheoryhasbeenpublicized,scientistsdesignexperi-meritstotestthetheory.Ifobservationsconfirmthescientists'

predictions,thetheoryissup-ported.Ifobservationsdonotconfirmthepredictions,thescientistsmustsearchfurther.Theremaybeafaultintheexperiment,orthetheorymayhavetoberevisedorrejected.

Scienceinvolvesimaginationandcreativethinkingaswellascollectinginformationandperformingexperiments.Factsbythemselvesarenotscience.AsthemathematicianJulesHenriPoincaresaid:

"

Scienceisbuiltwithfactsjustasahouseisbuiltwithbricks,butacollectionoffactscannotbecalledscienceanymorethanapileofbrickscanbecalledahouse."

Mostscientistsstartaninvestigationbyfindingoutwhatotherscientistshavelearnedaboutaparticularproblem.Afterknownfactshavebeengathered,thescientistcomestothepartoftheinvestigationthatrequiresconsiderableimagination.Possiblesolutionstotheproblemare

formulated.Thesepossiblesolutionsarecalledhypotheses.

Inaway,anyhypothesisisaleapintotheunknown.Itextendsthescientist'

sthinkingbeyondtheknownfacts.Thescientistplansexperiments,performscalculations,andmakesob-servationstotesthypotheses.Forwithouthypotheses,furtherinvestigationlackspurposeanddirection.Whenhypothesesareconfirmed,theyareincorporatedintotheories.

11.Theword"

this"

inthe3rdsentenceinparagraph1refersto______.

A）agoodexampleB）animaginarymodel

C）thekineticmoleculartheoryD）anobservedevent

12.Bricksarementionedinthe3rdparagraphtoindicatehow____.

A）mathematiciansapproachscience

B）buildingahouseislikeperformingexperiments

C）scienceismorethanacollectionoffacts

D）scientificexperimentshaveledtoimprovedtechnology

13.Inthelastparagraph,theauthorreferstoahypothesisas"

aleapintotheunknown"

inor-dertoshowthathypotheses______.

A）aresometimesill-conceivedB）canleadtodangerousresults

C）gobeyondavailablefactsD）requireefforttoformulate

14.Whatisamajorfunctionofhypothesesasimpliedinthelastparagraph7

A）Siftingthroughknownfacts.

B）Communicatingascientist'

sthoughtstoothers.

C）Providingdirectionforscientificresearch.

D）Linkingtogetherdifferenttheories.

15.Whichofthefollowingstatementsissupportedbythepassage?

A）Theoriesaresimplyimaginarymodelsofpastevents.

B）Itisbettertoreviseahypothesisthantorejectit.

C）Ascientist'

smostdifficulttaskistestinghypotheses.

D）Agoodscientistneedstobecreative.

B）Educationsystemsneedtoberadicallyreformed.

C）Goingtoschoolisonlypar