英语四种基本句式.docx
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英语四种基本句式
英语四种基本句式:
陈述、疑问、祈使和感叹句一:
肯定句、否定句、一般疑问句、特殊疑问句
例句:
IamaStudent.Hegoestoschool.
Iamnotaboy.Hedoesnotgotoschool.
AreyouaStUdent?
Doyou/DoesShelikeEnglish?
Whattime(isit),please?
WhiChisyourpen?
Whatdaytoday?
问星期Whatdateisittoday?
问日期含be/amisareWaSwere:
ThiSisabook.ISthisabook?
__yes,itis/no,itisn
ThiSisnotabook.Whatisthis?
Whatthisis?
不含be的,借助do/does:
IlikeEnglish.IdonOtlikeEnglish.DoyoulikeEnglish?
Whatdoyoulike?
ShelikesEnglish.ShedoesnotlikeEnglish.DoesShelikeEnglish.WhatdoesShelike?
提问例词:
肯定句转否定句中特殊用法:
1.some变为any。
如:
Therearesomebirdsinthetree.→Therearen'tanybirdsinthetree.
但是,若在表示邀请、请求的句子中,some可以不变。
如:
WouldyoulikesomeOrangejuice?
与此相关的一些不定代词如SOmething,somebody等也要进行相应变化。
2.and变为or。
如:
Ihaveaknifeandaruler.→Idon'thaveaknifeoraruler.
YouneedntWorryaboutthejobandpay._Youneedn'tWorryaboutthejoborpay.(Don'needto)
3.alotof(=lotsof)变为many(修饰可数n)或much(修饰不可数n)。
如:
Theyhavealotoffriends.(可数名词)→Theydon'thavemanyfriends.
ThereislotsofOrangeinthebottle.(不可数名词)→ThereisrltmuchOrangeinthebottle.
4.already变为yet。
如:
Ihavebeentherealready.→Ihaven'tbeenthereyet.
IhaveSentyouthemailalready→Ihaven'tSentyouthemailyet.
二:
疑问句questios分类:
一般疑问、特殊疑问、反意疑问、选择疑问
I.一般疑问句generalquestions:
yes/noquestions型,一般可由yes/no来回答;
II.一般疑问句的基本结构:
A.be/助/情态动词(beCandohaveWill等)+主语+谓语/表语+(其他),句子要读升调;
Eg:
Aretheyyourfriends?
Canyouplaybasketba?
CanyouSWimtotheotherside?
Doeshegotoschoolonfoo?
DoyoulikeEnglish?
HaVeyoulockedthedoor?
Willyoubefreetonight?
以上均可用yes、no来回答。
B:
陈述句亦可用作一般疑问句,多用在非正式文体中,句末有问号,用升调;
Eg:
SomebodyisWithyou?
Hedidn'tfinishtheWOrkYOuarefreshfromAmeriCaIsuppose?
22.一般疑问句的回答:
除yes、no夕卜,也可用Certainly,PrObabIy,perhaps,ofcourse,allright,
WithPIeaSUre等代替yes,用never,notatall等代替no;
Eg:
—Canyouhelpme?
—Certainly.
—Haveyoubeenthere?
33.—般疑问句的否定式:
—CouldyouPIeaSemakelessnoise—Allright,sir.—Never.
A.一般结构:
系/助/情态动词+not+主语;
也可为:
系/助/情态动词+主语+not。
Eg:
Doyounot/Don'tyoubelieveme?
ISitnot/ISn'titalovelyday?
Areyounot/Aren'tyouCOminW?
lyounot/Won'tyouSitdown?
IShenot/ISn'theadoctoιWillhenot/Won'thegoWithyou?
DoesHelennot/Doesn'tHelenlikechocc海伦不喜欢巧克力吗?
B.否定疑问句并不单纯表示提问,它常常带有感情色彩;否定疑问句的完全式比简略式所表达的语气
更强烈些;惊异、赞叹或责难等语气;暗示提问者期待着肯定的回答;表示邀请或建议;
Eg:
HaVen'tyoureadthenewspaperWonthecome他不来了啊?
Shouldn'tWeStartnowWaSrititaninterestingfilm
Wouldn'tyouIiketogoWithm?
WontyouhaveaCUPofcoffe?
44.一般疑问句否定式的回答:
否定的一般疑问句的答语中,yes的含义为不”,no的含义为是”,
但在回答这类句子时,应该注意yes后接肯定结构,no后接否定结构,这和汉语习惯不同。
Eg:
—AreyounotMrSmith?
—YesIam.丕,我是//—No,Iamnot.是的,我不是
—HaVen'tyoureadthisbookbefore—YesIhave不,我读过//—No,Ihaven是的,我没有一Don'youplayCheSS)—Yes,Ido.不,我下棋//—No,Idon'是:
的,我不下棋。
教你一招:
I在这样的答语中,只要根据实际情况来判断,如果事实上是,就用肯定的结构,前面接
yes;如果事实上不是,就用否定结构,前面接no;但此时的yes、no应翻译成反义的中文。
2.特殊问句SPeCiaIquestions:
Wh-questions型问句,When.Where.What.Who.Why.Which.Whose.
11.特殊疑问句的基本结构:
A.特殊疑问词+—般疑问句;即特殊疑问词+be/助/情态动词+主语+谓语/表语+(其他).
Eg:
Whoisitonthephone?
谁来的电话?
HowmanyorangesCanyouSeeinthePiCtUre
WheredidyoulastSeei?
Whatdidyoueatyesterday?
HowdoyouusuallygotoSChOOI)
WhatCanbedoneaboutit?
WhiChareyours?
Whatdidyousay?
Whowouldliketocomeforagameoffootball?
Whydidn'tyoutellme
B:
特殊疑问句有时可有一个以上的疑问词;
Eg:
WhiChPreSentdidyougivetowhon?
WhenandWheredidyoumeet?
C:
特殊疑问句有时须以介词开首;
Eg:
ByWhOmisthebookWritten?
SinCeWhenhaveyoulivedhere
D:
疑问词作主语或主语的定语时,与陈述句的语序相同;
Eg:
Whoisintheroom?
谁在房间里?
E:
“Why一般疑问句否定式”这种结构一般表示劲告、建议、责备等,而不能归为特殊问句;
Eg:
Whydon'tyoucomeearlierWhynotgoSkiing?
为何不去滑雪呢?
22.特殊疑问词:
疑问代词、疑问副词
A.疑问代词:
whowhomwhoseWhiChWhat
指认S指人0指所属关系,做定语后接n指人或物,一定范围、没规定范围的
Eg:
WhoisthegirlUnderthetree?
Whoisnothere?
WhomareyouWritingto?
WhomdoyouWanttosee?
WhosePenisthis?
Whosearethoseshoes
WhiChgirlswillbeintheSPOrtSmeeting?
WhiChhatislily?
'S
WhatCanyouSeeinthepicture?
Whatisintheteacher'?
Sroom
B.疑问畐H词:
When∕where∕Why/how/howold/howmany/much/howoften∕soon∕far∕long
问时间地点原因方式年龄多少频率速度距离
Eg:
WhenwillShereturn?
Wheredoyoucomefrom?
Whyareyoulateforschool?
Howdoyouusuallygotoschoo?
HowoldisJim'SlittlebrotherHowmanyfriendsdoyouhave?
Howfarisitfromyourhometoschool?
HowlongwillyouStayinBeijing?
HowoftendoyougotoSeeyourgrandparentS)HowsoonwillyoucomebaCk)
33.特殊疑问句的回答:
简略/整句回答,不用yes、no
Eg:
Whohasborrowedmybike?
Jack.//JaCkhasborrowedyourbike.
Whendidheborrowmybike?
ThiSmorning.//Heborrowedyourbikethismorning.
Whereishe?
Attheoffice.//Heisattheoffice.
Whatishedoingthere?
Working.//Heisworking.
Whosebikeisthis?
Mr.Smith7/s.It'SMr.Smith'Sbike.
3.选择疑问句:
alternativequestions提出两种或两种以上的可能,问对方选择哪一种。
其结构可用一般疑问句,也可用特殊疑问句,供选择的两部分由or连接,前者用升调,后者用降调。
Eg:
Willyougotherebybusorbytrain?
Whatwouldyoulike,COffeeortea?
HowmanyPenSdoyouhave,oneortwo?
11.一般疑问句演化而来的:
Eg:
ISitrightorwrong?
Aretheyreading,ChattingorWatChingtelevision?
Wereyouorhethere?
DoyouWanttogotherebyIandorbyair?
22.特殊疑问句演化而来的:
Eg:
WhiChdoyoulikebetter,COffeeormilk?
Whatcolourisit,red,blueoryellow?
Whereareyougoing,totheCIaSSroomortothelibrary?
HowshallWego,bySeaorbyland?
33.ornOt构成的选择疑问句:
Eg:
DoyouWanttobuyitornot?
Areyoureadyornot?
44.选择疑问句的回答,非所问语,不用yes、no,而要用简略或完整的结构来回答
Eg:
—Doyougotoworkbybusorbybike?
—Bybus.—WhiChwouldyoulike,teaorcoffee?
—Coffee.
55.or连接的选择疑问句,并列部分可为多种成分
Eg:
表语,如:
—AreyouanEnglishmanoranAmeriCan—I'mfromEngland.
状语,如:
—Isthedelegationarrivingtodayortomorrow?
—Today,Ithink.
宾语,如:
—WouldyoulikeCOffeeortea?
—Tea,please.
谓语,如:
—ShallWeWatChTVorgototheCOnCerf—I'dPrefertogototheconcert.
分句,如:
—ShallIcometoPiCkyouUPorshallWemeetattheairpor?
—Asyouplease.
4.反意疑问句:
disjunctivequestions是一种常用于口语的疑问句,这种问句由两部分组成,前一部分是陈述句,后一部分是附加的一简短问句(称为questiontag),中间用逗号隔开,因此,反意疑问句又称附加疑问句。
如果前肯则后否;如果前否则后肯。
附加问句一般为“b助、情态动
词+代词”构成,如:
Eg:
Theydidn'tCieaeCIaSSroomyesterdaydidthey?
ThiSisyourca,isn't?
You'reCOmingaren'tyouJohndoesn'tliketedoeshe?
SheCan'tSWimCanshe?
Youdon'tlikerockmu,idoyou?
11.反意疑问句需注意的问题:
Eg:
前后代词一致Heisyourteache,isn'theLileigetsUPatSiXinthemorningdoesn'the系、情态、助动词借助TomhasfiniShedhishomeWorkhasn'the
SheWenttoShanghaiyesterdaydidn'tShe
含否定词There'SlittleWaterinthebottleisthere?
前后双肯或双否,有特殊含义Yousoldthatlovelybraceletdidyou?
=I'sorryyoudid.遗憾!
22.反意疑问句的语调:
通常陈述句部分用降调,附加问句用升调:
Hecan'tSWimCanhe?
LilylikesSPOrtSdoesn'tShte
对自己的看法比较肯定而又希望听者同意这种看法时,前后都用降调:
Youdon'tlikerockmuβi(doyou?
期望回答:
No,Idon't.
Youlikerockmusicdon'tyo?
期望回答:
YeSIdo.
33.反意疑问句的答语:
A.—般由yes或no引导的简略语来回答,但是要注意时态及代词的呼应
Eg:
—Sheisyourteache,isn'tShe—Yes,Sheis.//—No,Sheisn't.
—LileigetsUPatSiXinthemorningdoesn'the—Yesheis.//—No,heisn't.
B在前否定后肯定的,回答语中:
yes译成“不是”,no译成“是的”。
Eg:
SheCan'tSWimCanShe?
YeS,Shecan.//No,SheCan't.
Sheisn'tyourteachesshe?
YeSSheis.//No,Sheisn。
t.
三.一些特殊问句的反意疑问:
1.陈述句是Iam•结构,反意问句用aren't或amnotI
I'mrig,htaren'?
tI//I'mla,teamnotI?
2.陈述句主语是不定代词时,如果是表物的everything,anything,something,nothing时,反意问句的主语it,谓语动词用单数;女口果是表人的everybody,everyone,somebody,someone,anybody,anyone,nobody,noone时,反意问句的主语可用they,也可用he,谓语动词用相应的单、复数,女口:
Nothingisserious,isit?
NooneWaShurt,Werethey?
EverybodyknowswhatIsaid,don'tthe?
yEveryoneknowshisjob,doesn'th?
e
3.如果陈述部分的主语是指示代词this,that时,疑问句的主语用it,谓语单数;如果陈述部分的主语是指示代词these,those,则疑问句的主语用they,谓语用复数,如:
Thisisveryimportant,isn'?
titThosearecups,aren'tthe?
y
4.如果陈述部分以不定代词one作主语,附加疑问部分的主语在正式场合用one,在非正式场合用you,
如:
OneCan'tbetoocareful,Cane(you)?
最认真不过如此了,是吗?
5.陈述部分的主语是从句、不定式或动名词时,疑问部分的主语用it,谓语用单数,如:
WhatyousaidisWrong,isn'?
titTolearnEnglishWellisn,i'sitt?
easy
PraCtiCingspeakingEnglisheverymorningWilldoyougoo,dWon'ti?
t
6.陈述句中的谓语动词是therebe,后边的疑问部分也用therebe形式,如:
Thereisanappleonthetable,isn'tthe?
reThere'resometreesontheisla,ndaren'tthe?
re
7.陈述句谓语动词是WiSh,表示征求意见时,反意问句用may,如:
IWishtohaveanotherpieCeofCake,mayI?
IWishtogohomenoW,mayI?
8.陈述句句中有hardly,seldom,rarely,no,nothing,never,little,feW,nobody,noWhere,barely,
neither,too…tc等表示否定意义的词时,反意问句用肯定式,如:
YouWillneverforgetit,Willyou?
Thereisnothingonthetable,isthere?
ShehasfeWfriends,doesshe?
9.如果陈述句中的否定式仅带有否定词缀(前缀或后缀),则将其看成肯定句,反意问句一般仍用否
定式,如:
Heisunfitforhisjob,isn'th?
eThat'sunfa,irisn't?
it
10.前句谓语动词为have/has/hadto时其疑问部分的谓语动词应用don't/doesn't∕djid如:
't
HehastogetupatfourtomorroW,doesn'th?
eTheyhadtoleaveearly,didn'tthe?
y
11.陈述句中的谓语动词为USedto时,其疑问部分的谓语动词有两种形式,如:
HeusedtoliveinLondon,usedn'the/didn?
'the
ThereusedtobeaCinemaherebeforetheWa,rusedn'tthere/didn'?
tthere
12.陈述句中的谓语动词是oughtto,则疑问部分的谓语动词通常用ought/OUghtn代替,如:
SuChthingsoughtnottobealloWed,oughtthey?
Heoughttobepunished,oughtn'th?
e
或Weoughttogo,oughtWenot?
或Weoughttogo,shouldWenot?
13.当陈述部分有dare或need时,若dare和need为实义动词,疑问部分的谓语动词用do的适当
形式;若dare和need为情态动词,疑问部分用dare或need构成,如:
Weneedtodoit,don'tW?
eYoudaren'tgoth,eredareyou?
14.
't+
含有情态动词must的句子:
1)若陈述句中强调对现在的情况的推测,疑问部分用aren't/isn
主语,如:
YOumustbetiredaren'tyc?
2)前句谓语动词是musthave+过去分词时,若陈述句中强调过去情况的推测(一般有过去时间状
语),疑问部分的谓语动词用didn'主语,如:
Hemusthavemetheryesterda