【翻译】History of translation studies.ppt

【翻译】History of translation studies.ppt

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TRANSLATIONSTUDIES:

ABRIEFHISTORY,Abriefhistoryofthediscipline,Cicero,Horace（1stcentBCE）,StJerome（4thcent.CE）:

TheBiblebattlegroundofconflictingideologiesinwesternEurope:

literalvs.free（wordorsense;interpresutorator）Perioduntilthelate1960s:

TRanelementoflanguagelearning（inmodernlanguagecourses）thegrammar-translationmethod）classicallanguages+M.Luther（modernlanguages）translationexercisesameansoflearningforeignlanguage（readingskills）changeofattitudewiththeriseofthedirectmethod（spokenlang.）-NOtranslationintheclassroomSincethe1970s:

TRdevelopedintoanacademicdiscipline,1.Theearlyperiod,ThepracticeoftranslationwasdiscussedbyCiceroandHorace（firstcenturyBCE）andStJerome（fourthcenturyAD）;theirwritingsexertedanimportantinfluenceupuntilthetwentiethcenturyStJeromesapproachtotranslatingtheGreekSeptuagintBibleintoLatinaffectedlatertranslationsoftheScriptures.Nonverbumdeverbosedsensumdesenso!

thetranslationoftheBiblewastobeforwelloverathousandyearsandespeciallyduringtheReformationinthesixteenthcenturythebattlegroundofconflictingideologiesinwesternEurope,WhathappenedattheTowerofBabel?

TheTowerofBabelisdescribedinGenesischapter11,verses1-9.AftertheFlood,Godcommandedhumanitytoincreaseinnumberandfilltheearth（Genesis9:

1）.Humanitydecidedtodotheexactopposite,Thentheysaid,Come,letusbuildourselvesacity,withatowerthatreachestotheheavens,sothatwemaymakeanameforourselvesandnotbescatteredoverthefaceofthewholeearth（Genesis11:

4）.Humanitydecidedtobuildagreatcityandallcongregatethere.Theydecidedtobuildagigantictowerasasymboltheirpower,tomakeanameforthemselves（Genesis11:

4）.ThistowerisrememberedastheTowerofBabel.Inresponse,Godconfusedthelanguagesofhumanitysothatwecouldnolongercommunicatewitheachother（Genesis11:

7）.Theresultwasthatpeoplecongregatedwithotherpeoplewhospokethesamelanguage-andthenwentandsettledinotherpartsoftheworld（Genesis11:

8-9）.GodconfusedthelanguagesattheTowerofBabeltoenforceHiscommandforhumanitytospreadthroughouttheentireworld.SomeBibleteachersalsobelievethatGodcreatedthedifferentracesofhumanityattheTowerofBabel.Thisispossible,butitisnottaughtintheBiblicaltext.Ontheoriginoftheraces-http:

/www.gotquestions.org/different-races.html.ItseemsmorelikelythatthedifferentracesexistedpriortotheTowerofBabelandthatGodconfusedthelanguagesatleastpartiallybasedonthedifferentraces.FromtheTowerofBabel,humanitydividedbasedonlanguage（andpossiblyrace）andsettledinvariouspartsoftheworld.RecommendedResource:

TheAnswersBookbyKenHam.,Word-for-wordorsense-for-senseTR,TRtheoryuntil20thcent.:

asteriledebateoverthetriadliteral,free,andfaithfulTR（Steiner1998）Cicero（1stcentBC,Deoptimogenereoratorum）:

wordforwordvssenseforsenseTRchiefprinciplesofTRoftheagewordforword（interpreter/literalTLR）-ThereplacementofeachindividualwordofST（Greek）withitsclosestgrammaticalequivalentinLatin（readingGr&Latsidebyside）,p.19senseforsense（orator）procuceaspeechthatwouldmovethelisteners,Ancienttradition,theMiddleAges,Horace（Arspoetica）:

thegoalofproducinganaestheticallypleasingandcreativetextintheTLStJerome（influencedbyCicero&Horace）Deoptimogenereinterpretandi395ADNowInotonlyadmitbutfreelyannouncethatintranslatingfromGreekexceptofcourseinthecaseoftheHolyScripture,whereeventhesyntaxcontainsamysteryIrendernotword-for-wordbutsense-for-sense.Jeromesviewinterpretedlaterasopposingpoles:

literalvsfreeTR（formvscontent）aperennialdebateword-for-wordproducesanabsurdTR,cloakingthesenseoftheoriginalChineseTR:

sametypeofconcernaboutTR（SanskritBuddhistsutrasintoChinese）RichTRtraditionoftheArabworld:

word-for-wordTRunsuccessful（theAbbasidPeriod750-1250）,MatinLuther,LiteralvsfreeTRdebatecontinuedcorrectestablishedmeaningoftheBibleAnydivergingfromtheacceptedinterpretationdeemedhereticalDolet（1546）burned（apparently）foraddingthephraseriendutoutinapassageaboutwhateeistedafterdeathimmortalityissue!

Non-literalTRseenasblasphemy,aweaponagainstthechurch:

TheNewTestamentintoEastMiddleGerman（1522）OldTestament（1534）SendbriefvomDolmetschen（1530）accusedofalteringtheHolyScripturesingisvernacular,dialectTR,p.22）AccusedforaddingthewordalleinnotfoundintheoriginalRejectedword-for-wordTRFocusingontheTLandTLTreader（inthevernacular）,Faithful,spiritandtruth:

faithful-accurate-translation,NottheoryofTR,justexplanationsinprefacesNoconsiderationofpreviousTRworkLackofconsecutiveness（Amos1920）,Kelly（1979）TheTrueInterpreter,FIDELITY（fidusinterpres）initiallydismissedasword-for-wordTREndof17thcent.:

faithfulnesstothemeaningratherthanthewordsoftheauthorSPIRITCreativeenergy,inspiration（toliterature）StAugustin:

TheHolySpiritTRUTHSpiritandtruthintertwined（truth=content）=notuntil20thcent.Aninterconnectionbetweenfidelity,spiritandtruthintheTRofsacretexts,EarlyattemptsatasystematictheoryofTR,Dryden（1680）:

TRcategories:

Metaphrase:

corr.toliteral,word-for-word,lineforlineParaphrase:

TRwithlatitude,wordsnotsostrictlyfollowedasthesense;corr.tofaithful,sense-for-senseTRImitation:

forsakingbothwordsandsense;corr.tofreeTRandadaptation,Dolet（1540）:

principlesofTR,TLRmustperfectlyunderstandthesenseandthematerialoftheoriginalauthor,althoughheshouldfeelfreetoclarifyobsuritiesTLRshouldhaveaperfectknowledgeofbothSLandTL,soasnottolessenthemajestyofthelanguageTLRshouldavoidword-for-wordrenderingsTLRshouldavoidLatinateandunusualformsTLRshouldassembleandliaisewithwordseloquentlytoavoidclumsiness,Tytler（1797）:

lawsandrules:

TheTRshouldgiveacompletetranscriptoftheideasoftheoriginalworkThestyleandmannerofwritingshouldbeofthesamecharacterwiththatoftheoriginalTheTRshouldhavealltheeaseoftheoriginalcomposition,Schleiermacherandthevalorizationoftheforeign,17thcent.:

TRasimitation18thcent.:

TLRsdutytorecreatethespiritofSTforthereaderofthetimeEarly19thcent（Romanticism）:

TranslatabilityvsuntranslatabilitySchleiermacher（1813）UeberdieverschiedenenMethodendesUebersetzensFounderofProtestanttheologyandmodernhemeneutics:

aRomanticapproachtointerpretationbasednotonabsolutetruthbutontheindividualsinnerfeelingandunderstanding,Schleiermacher,ctd.,Distinguishedbetween:

Dollmetscher（commercialtexts）Uebersetzer（scholarlyandartistictexts）:

OnahighercreativeplaneBreathingnewlifeintothelanguageQ:

HowtobringtheSTwriterandtheTTreadertogether?

OnlytwopathsforthetrueTLR:

EithertheTLRleavesthewriteraloneasmuchaspossibleandmovesthereadertothewriter,orHeleavesthereaderaloneasmuchaspossibleandmovesthewritertowardthereaderTLRmustadoptansalienatingmethodofTRorientinghimselfbythelanguageandcontentoftheSTTLRmustvalorizetheforeignandtransferthatintoTLHemustcommunicatethesameimpressionwhichhe/shereceibedfromSLTAspeciallanguageofTRisnecessaryforcompensatingthehackneyedexpressionthatcannotconveytheimpressionofthgeforeign,Schleiermachersinfluence:

EnormousinfluenceonmoderntranslationConsiderationofdifferenttexttypes（Reiss）Alienatingvsnaturalizing（Venuti）Languageoftranslation（Benjamin）Hermeneutics（Steiner）,Late19thandearly20thcent.,FocusonthestatusoftheSLTandtheformofTLTNewman（translatingHomer）:

foreignnesofthework（deliberatearchaiclanguage）M.Arnold:

advocatedatransparentTRofHomerElitistattitude:

ItwasthoughtthatTRcouldneverreachtheheigthsoftheST,itispreferabletoreadtheworkintheoriginallanguage,Result:

DevaluationandmarginalizationofTR（inUK）:

Preuniv.anduniv.studentsoflanguagesdissuadedfromturningtotranslationforhelpVerylittlepopularliteraturetranslatedintoEnglishRelativelyfewsubtitledforeignfilmsincinemasoronTV,3.TRStudiessince1970s:

TRdevelopedintoanacademicdisciplineUS:

TRworkshops,creativewriting,Princeton,Iowa;comparativeliterature（culturalstudies）Contrastiveanalysis（TR-subjectofresearch）:

Linguisticapproach:

languagesincontrast（1960s1970s）CA:

James1980,VinayDarbelnet（1958）,Catford1965,Connor,Chesterman（2001）CAusefulbutfailstoaccountforsociolinguistic&pragmaticfactorsnortheroleofTRasacomm.act,Since1970s,ctd.,LINGUISTIC/SYSTEMATICAPPROACH:

（1950s1960s）J.P.Vinay&J.Darbelnet（1958）StylistiquecompareedufrancaisetdelanglaiscontrastiveapproachG.Mounin（1963）LesproblemestheoriquesdelatraductionlinguisticissuesE.Nida（1964）TowardaScienceofTranslating=Ubersetzungswissenschaft（W.Wills,Koller,Kade,Neubert）Candidatenames:

science,translatology,translatologie,traductolgiastudies,TranslationStudies,AndrLefevereLouvainColloquiumonLiteratureandTranslation,1976TranslationStudiesdisciplineconcernedwiththeproblemsraisedbytheproductionanddescriptionoftranslationadisciplineinitsownright:

complexnotaminorbranchofcomparativeliterarystudynotaspecificareaoflinguistics,THEHOLMESTOURYmap,J.S.Holmes（1972/1988/2000）Paper-1972:

ThirdInternationalCongressofAppliedLinguistics（Holmesfoundingstatementforthefield:

limitationsbyTRbeingdispersedacrossotherdisciplinesneedtoreachallscholarsworkinginthefield（fromwhateverbackground）cf.mapofTRstudiesHolmesinG.Toury（1995）:

TRStudiescover:

descriptionofthephenomenaofTR（descr.TRtheory-DTS）theestablishmentofgen.principlestoexplainandpredictsuchphenomena（TRtheory）,DTS:

product-orientedDTS（examinesexisti