胡壮麟《语言学教程》笔记第56章.docx
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胡壮麟《语言学教程》笔记第56章
胡壮麟《语言学教程》笔记第5-6章
言实体之间的关系。
在这个意义上,它跟指称意义是一样的。
)
3.Thedifferencebetweenmeaning,concept,connotation,anddenotation
Meaningreferstotheassociationoflanguagesymbolswiththerealworld.Therearemanytypesofmeaningaccordingtodifferentapproaches.
Conceptistheimpressionofobjectsinpeople’smind.
Connotationistheimpliedmeaning,similartoimplication.
Denotation,likesense,isnotdirectlyrelatedwithobjects,butmakestheabstractassumptionoftherealworld.
4.Thereferentialtheory
1).Definition
Thetheoryofmeaningwhichrelatesthemeaningofawordtothethingitrefersto,orstandsfor,isknownasthereferentialtheory.(把词语意义跟它所指称或代表的事物联系起来的理论,叫做指称理论)
2).Thesemantictriangle(语义三角)
OgdenandRichardspresentedtheclassic“SemanticTriangle”asmanifestedinthefollowingdiagram。
Theconnection(representedwithadottedline)betweensymbolandreferentismadepossibleonlythrough“concept.”
Concept/notion(概念)
Thought/reference
----------------------
Symbolobject
Wordstandsforreality
Signifierreferent
Code(词语)signified(事物)
5.Senserelations(涵义关系)
Synonymy
Synonymyisthetechnicalnameforthesamenessrelation.
Antonymy(反义关系)
Antonymyisthenameforoppositenessrelation.Therearethreesubtypes:
gradable,complementaryandconverseantonymy.(反义关系是对立关系的专业术语,它包括三个此类:
等级反义关系,互补反义关系和反向反义关系。
)
①.Gradableantonymy(等级反义关系)
Gradableantonymyisthecommonesttypeofantonymy.Theyaremainlyadjectives,.good/bad,long/short,big/small,etc.
②.Complementaryantonymy(互补反义关系)
Themembersofapairincomplementaryantonymyarecomplementarytoeachother.Thatis,theydivideupthewholeofasemanticfiledcompletely.Notonlytheassertionofonemeansthedenialoftheother,butthedenialofonealsomeanstheassertionoftheother,.alive/dead,hit/miss,male/female,boy/girl,etc.
(跟第一种反义关系相反,这种反义词的成员彼此互补。
也就是说它们吧一个语义领域完全切分成两半。
不但对一方的肯定意味着对另一方的否定,而且对一方的否定也意味着对另一方的肯定。
)
③.Converseantonymy(反向反义关系)
Converseantonymsarealsocalledrelationalopposites.Thisisaspecialtypeofantonymyinthatthemembersofapairdonotconstituteapositive-negativeopposition.Theyshowthereversalofarelationshipbetweentwoentities,.buy/sell,parent/child,above/below,etc.
(这是反义关系的一种特殊类型,因为其中的成员并不构成肯定或者否定的对立,而只表现两实体间的一种反向关系。
这种反义关系典型地表现在两两相对的角色、亲属关系、时间和空间关系等方面;在这种意义上,它叫关系对立。
)
Hyponymy(上下义关系)
Hyponymyismeaninginclusivenessoramatterofclassmembership.Thatistosay,whenxisakindofy,thelowertermxisthehyponym,andtheuppertermyisthesuperordinate.(上下义关系是指意义内包关系或者说一种类与成员间的关系。
位于这种意义关系上位的词语叫上坐标词;位于下位的是成员,叫下义词。
)
Twoormorehyponymsofthesameonesuperordinatearecalledco-hyponyms,.underflower,therearepeony,jasmine,tulip,violet,rose,etc.,floweristhesuperordinateofpeony,jasmine,etc.,peonyisthehyponymofflower,andpeony,jasmine,tulip,violet,rose,etc.areco-hyponyms.(同下义词)
Homonymy(同音/同形异义关系)
Homonymyreferstothephenomenonthatwordshavingdifferentmeaningshavethesameform,.differentwordsareidenticalinsoundorspelling,orinboth.(同音/同形异义关系是指不同意义的词具有相同的形式这一种现象,即不同的词发音或者拼写相同,或者发音和拼写都相同。
)
Whentwowordsareidenticalinsound,theyarecalledhomophones.(同音异义词)Whentwowordsareidenticalinspelling,theyarecalledhomographs.(同形异义词)Whentwowordsareidenticalbothinsoundandspelling,theyarecalledcompletehomonyms.(完全同音同形词)
.Entailment(蕴含)
Ifthatonesentenceistruegivesuscertainknowledgeofthetruthofthesecondsentence,thenthefirstsentenceentailsthesecondone.
(如果知道一个句子的真假能够判断另一个句子的真假,那么第一个句子就蕴含了第二个句子。
)
Intermsoftruthvalue,thefollowingrelationshipsexistbetweenthetwosentencesifaentailsb:
Whenaistrue,bisnecessarilytrue;(a真b真)
Whenbisfalse,aisfalse;(b假a假)
Whenaisfalse,bmaybetrueorfalse;(a假b或真或假)
Whenbistrue,amaybetrue.(b真a或真或假)
.Presupposition(预设)
Thespeakerorwriteralwaysassumesthatthehearerorreaderalreadyknowssomethingofwhatheisgoingtosayorwrite.This“something”oftenbecomesthepresuppositionofasentence.Intermsoftruthvalue,thefollowingrelationshipsexistbetweentwosentences:
Whenaistrue,bisnecessarilytrue;(a真b一定真)
Whenaisfalse,bisstilltrue;(a假b仍为真)
Whenbistrue,acaneitherbetrueorfalse;(b真a或真或假)
Whenbisfalse,notruthvaluecanbesaidabout.(b假,无真值可言)
6.Componentialanalysis(成分分析法)
Componentialanalysisdefinesthemeaningofalexicalelementintermsofsemanticcomponents.Thatis,themeaningofawordcanbedissectedintomeaningcomponents,calledsemanticfeatures.(成分分析法用语义成分来定义词汇,也就是说,一个词可以被分成语义特征。
)
Plusandminussignsareusedtoindicatewhetheracertainsemanticfeatureispresentorabsentinthemeaningofword.Therearesemanticunitssmallerthanthemeaningofaword..
Boy:
[+human][-adult][+male]
Girl:
[+human][-adult][-male]
Son:
child(x,y)&male(x)
Daughter:
child(x,y)&-male(x)
Take:
cause(x,(have(x,y)))
Give:
cause(x,(-have(x,y)))
Chapter6LanguageProcessinginMind
1.Psycholinguistics(心理语言学)
.cognition(认知)
①Itreferstothementalprocessofanindividual,withparticularrelationshiptoaconceptwhicharguesthatthemindhasinternalmentalstates(suchasbeliefs,desiresandintentions(认知是指个人的心理过程,即心智具有内部心理状态(如信念、意志和意愿))
②Itisthementalprocessorfacultyofknowing,includingaspectssuchasawareness,perception,reasoningandjudgment.(认知是指心理过程或知识的能力,包括意识、知觉、推理和判断等。
)
.Psycholinguistics(心理语言学)
Psycholinguisticsisthestudyofpsychologicalaspectsoflanguage;itmainlystudiesthepsychologicalstatesandmentalactivityassociatedwiththeuseoflanguage.Animportantfocusofpsycholinguisticsisthelargelyunconscioususeofgrammaticalrulesthatenablepeopletoproduceandcomprehendintelligiblesentences.Psycholinguisticsinvestigatetherelationshipbetweenlanguageandthought,andtheyarealsoconcernedwithhowlanguagesarelearned,andtherolestheyplayinourthinking.
①心理语言学是对语言心理方面的研究,通常研究的是与语言行为相关的心理状态和思维活动。
②心理语言学的一个重点是研究能够使人理解和产生可理解句子的语法规则的无意识运用。
③心理语言学家研究语言与思维的关系,心理语言学同时也还关注语言是如何习得的以及语言在思维运用中所发挥的作用。
Psycholinguisticsisabranchoflinguisticswhichisthestudyofpsychologicalaspectsoflanguage.Asaninterdisciplinaryacademicfield,itinvestigatesthefollowingsubjects:
acquisition,comprehensionandproduction.
2.Categorization(范畴化)
Categorizationistheprocessofclassifyingourexperiencesintodifferentcategoriesbasedoncommonalitiesanddifferences.Therearethreelevelsincategories:
thebasiclevel,thesuperordinatelevelandthesubordinatelevel.
范畴化是人类基于经验的异同对经验进行分类的过程;范畴划分为三个层次:
基本层次范畴、上位层次范畴、下属层次范畴