英语国家社会与文化入门 课后题答案.docx

英语国家社会与文化入门 课后题答案.docx

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英语国家社会与文化入门课后题答案

Book1Unit1

1.WhatwastheBritishEmpire"Whatdoyouknowaboutit"Inwhatwayisthe“Empire”stillfeltinBritainandintheinternationalfield"

TheBritishEmpirecomprisedthedominions,colonies,protectorates,mandates,andotherterritoriesruledoradministeredbytheUnitedKingdom,thathadoriginatedwiththeoverseascoloniesandtradingpostsestablishedbyEnglandinthelate16thandearly17thcenturies.

Intheinternationalfield,Britainhasgreatvoiceinpolitics,economyandcultureandsoon.

2.

WhyimpossibletosumupBritishpeoplewithafewsimplephrases:

TheUKismadeupofdifferentelements.Itincludes4partswithintheonenation-state.Itisnowamultiracialsocietywithdifferentreligionbelieves.Itisdividedeconomicallyanditisasocietywithaclass-structure.Andwithineachofthefourcountriestherearedifferentregions.Sincethiscountrywassocomplicatedbothinhistoryorhumanity,itisimpossibletosumuptheirpeople.

3.

Ahistoryofinvasions:

（1）Beforethe1stcenturyADBritainwasmadeupoftribalkindomsofCelticpeople.TheybroughtthecentralEuropenculturetoBritain.Thenin43AD,RomanEmpireinvadedBritainandcontrolleditforslavesocietybutalsodisseminatedtheirCatholicism.

（2）However,inthe5thcentury,theRomanEmpirerapidlywanedinpowerandBritainwasconqueredbytheAnglesandtheSa*ons.InordertodefendtheSa*ons,agreatleader—KingArthurappeared.Hecreatedthe"roundtable"tosatisfyalltheknights'requirementofhavingequalprecedence.ThusitgraduallyformedthemonarchyinBritainasamoredemocraticsystem.WhetherArthur'sarealpersoninthehistoryornot,Anglo-Sa*onsdidsucceedininvadingBritainandtheyweretheforefathersoftheEnglish.（3）Inthe8thcentury,theVikingsfromDenmarkcontrolledthenothernandeasternEngland.AAnglo-Sa*onherio,kingAlfredtheGreatfoughtagainstthevikingswiththetrulyEnglish.Andthat'swhythere'sacertainculturaldifferencebetweennorthernersandsouthernersinEngland（4）Later,theNomansfromnorthernFrance,undertheleadingofWilliamofNormandy,killedthekingandWilliambecametheFristofEngland.TheyimportedarullingclassthatFrench-speakingNormanaristocracyrulledSa*onandEnglish-speakingpopulation.Inthiscondition,thereweren'talotofrebellionsamongtheEnglishpeople.ThatdirectlyformedanEnglishuniquecharacter:

arichlyunconventionalinteriorlifehiddenbyane*ternalconformity.Eventoday,wecanstillfindthispersonalityfromtheBritishpeoplethroughtheirlifestyles.

Howdidtheyinfluenceculture:

[接着上边一起看]

（2）alotofstoriesofKingArthur,whichbroughtalotofsingers,poets,novelistsandfilmmakers.Placesassociatedwithhislegend.RoundtablewasweenasanindicatorofthewayinwhichtheEnglishhavewishedtoseetheirmonarchassomethingotherthanaremotedictator.（3）anglo-sa*oninvadersweretheforefathersoftheEnglish.ByVikings'settlementstheEnlishheroesweretrulyEnglish.Thereremainstothisdayacertainculturaldividebetweennorthernersandsouthernersinengland.（4）NormanaristocracyrulingalargelySa*onandEnglish-speakingpopulation.thelegendofRobinHood.

4.

GeneralcharacteristicofScotland:

Scotlandisthesecondlargestofthefournations,bothinpopulationandingeographicalarea.Itisalsothemostconfidentofitsownidentitybecausealoneamongstthenon-EnglishcomponentsoftheUKithaspreviouslyspentasubstantialperiodofhistoryasaunifiedstateindependentoftheUK.

（1）rugged.

（2）notconqueredbytheRomans（3）maintainitsseparatepoliticalidentityformorethanahundredyears.（4）eagerforindependence.

HowScotlandbecamepartoftheunionofGreatBritain:

in1707byagreementoftheEnglishandScottishparliaments,ScotlandjoinedtheUnion.In1745therewasabrutalmilitaryresponsefromtheBritisharmy.TherebelarmywasdestroyedatthebattleofCullodeninnorthernScotland.

5.

DescribeWalesandtheunificationwithBritain:

（1）waleswasanimportantelementinBritain'sindustrialrevolution,asithadrichcoaldeposits.Itissuccessfulinattractinginvestmentfromabroad.WaleshasbeendominatedbyEnglandforlongerthantheothernationsoftheunion.Despitethisnearnessandlong-standingpoliticalintegrationWalesretainsapowerfulsenseofitsdifferencefromEngland.

（2）WaleshasbeendominatedbyEnglandforlongerthantheothernationsoftheunion.Despitethisnearnessandlong-standingpoliticalintegrationWalesretainsapowerfulsenseofitsdifferencefromEngland.In1536,waleswasbroughtlegally,administratively,andpoliticallyintotheUKbyanactoftheBritishparliament.Thiscloselong-standingrelationshipmeansthatmodernwaleslackssomeoftheoutwardsignsofdifferencewhichScotlandpossesses---itslegalsystemanditseducationsystemaree*actlythesameasinEngland.

6.

DifferencesbetweenEngland,ScotlandandWalesintermsofculturaltradition:

[书上说的比较散，建议参考festival那章的答案，这里只有一些零散的不系统的比较]

（1）Englishcharacter:

arichlyunconventionalinteriorlifehiddenbyane*ternalconformity.Butyoungpeoplearenotallstereotypes.Butitiscertainlytruethatthelifelessfrontsofmanyenglishhousesconcealbeautifulbackgardens.

（2）ThedreamofanindependentScotlandhasnotvanished.Theyarealwayseagerforfreedom.Scotlandhasagreattraditionofinnovationinthearts,philosophyandscience."SuperficiallyfullyintegratedintotheUK,butconcealedbeneaththisisastill-strongScottishidentity."SomepeoplespeakGaelic.（3）Walesisdifferent,andoneofthekeymarkersofthatdiffeneceistheWelshlanguage--theoldBritishCeltictonguewhichisstillindailyuse.ModernwaleslackssomeoftheoutwardsignsofdifferencewhichScotlandpossesses.（itslegalsystemandeducationsystemaree*actlythesameasinEngland）

Unit2

1.

WhyisNorthernIrelandsosignificantintheUK:

ThoughNorthernIrelandissmallitissignificantbecauseofthepoliticaltroublesthere.

Itspoliticalproblem:

TheproblemisinNorthernIrelandin1921insouthernIrelandindependencefromBritain,IrelandNorthandSouthfollowingtheseparationofissuesleftoverbyhistory,mi*editwithhistorical,political,ethnicandreligiousconflicts,e*tremelycomple*.Ireland’sindependence,toremainunderBritishrulewithintheframeworkofthe6inthenorthernislandofIrelandresidentsofthepro-BritishProtestantmajority（about51%）,theCatholicnationalistminority（about38%）,asaresultofthetwomajorforcesinNorthernIrelandOnthecontrarypositionofownershipandleadtoconfrontation,conflict.[因为发现实在太难sumup了，所以就搜了一下，以下是wikipedia版本]NorthernIrelandwasformanyyearsthesiteofaviolentandbitterethno-politicalconflict—theTroubles—whichwascausedbydivisionsbetweennationalists,whoarepredominantlyRomanCatholic,andunionists,whoarepredominantlyProtestant.UnionistswantNorthernIrelandtoremainasapartoftheUnitedKingdom,[6]whilenationalistswishforittobepoliticallyreunitedwiththerestofIreland,independentofBritishrule.[网络其它版本]Until1921thefullnameoftheUKwas"TheUnitedKingdomofGreatBritainandIreland",notonly"NorthernIreland",becausethewholeislandofIrelandwaspoliticallyintegratedwithGreatBritain,andhadbeensince1801,whileBritain'sdominationoftheIrishdatedbackcenturiesevenbeforethatdate.ButIrishdesiresforanindependentIrishstatewereneverlost,andoneofthekeyissuesinlatenineteenthcenturyBritishpoliticswasacampaigninparliamentforwhatwascalled"home-rule"—IrishpoliticalcontrolofIrishaffairs.TheHomeRuleBillwasfinallypassedin1914,buttheprocesswasovertakenbytheFirstWorldWarandwassuspendedforthedurationofthewar.

2.

FactorsinIrishandEnglishhistorythataffectthesituationinNorthernIrelandtoday:

Alongwiththepoliticalcampaignforhome-rulethereweregroupswhofollowedamoredirectmethodofpursuingIrishindependence,engaginginguerillaorterroristactivitiesagainstBritishinstitutionsandtheBritishmilitaryforces.DuringtheFirstWorldWarandimmediatelyafter,thisactivityincreased,sometimesbrutallysuppressedbyBritishforces.

3.

SumupsolutionstoNI'spoliticalproblemsofdifferentpartiesandgroupsintheUK:

MargaretThatcher'sgovernmentdidnotgiveintothisdemandforpoliticalstatusand11prisonersstarvedtodeath.ThiseventrevitalisedthepoliticalcampaignofSinnFein,thelegalpoliticalpartywhichsupportstheIRA'srighttofight.ItsleadersspokeofatwincampaignforunionwithIreland,bothpoliticalandmilitary,whichtheycalledthepolicyof"TheBulletandtheBallotBo*".

4.

WhatdoyouthinkshouldbetherightsolutiontothepoliticalprobleminNorthernIreland:

IthinktheycanasktheUNforhelp./Keepthepresentstatus.Turntoothercountriesforhelp.[自由发挥啦]

Unit3

1.

CharacteristicsoftheBritishconstitutionalmonarchy:

ThemonarchofthecountryhaslimitedrightsbecauseofBillofRight.Fore*ample,whiletheofficialheadofstateisthequeen,herpowersarelargelytraditionalandsymbolic.ThegovernmentatnationalandlocallevelsiselectedbythepeopleandgovernsaccordingtoBritishconstitutionalprinciples.

HowtheEnglishmonarchyevolvedtopresentconstitutionalmonarchy:

Originallythepowerofthemonarchwaslargelyderivedfromtheancientdoctrineofthe"divinerightofkings".ForathousandyearsBritainhashadahereditarykingorqueenastheheadofthestate.WhiletheKingintheoryhadGodonhisside,inpracticeeveninmedievaltimesitwasthoughtthatheshouldnote*erciseabsolutepower.KingJohn