听写文字材料2150.docx

听写文字材料2150.docx

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听写文字材料2150

21.Soils

Therearemanydifferentkindsofsoils.Differentsoilshavedifferenttypesofrockandmineralsinthem.Somesoilshavemorewaterinthemthanothers.Somesoilsmighthavemoreplantandanimalmaterialinthem,too.

Differentkindsofsoilsarefoundindifferentpartsoftheworld.ThereareseveralkindsofsoilsfoundintheUnitedStates.Insomeareas,thesoilhasalotofclay.Othersoilsareverysandy.Loamisakindofsoilthathasagoodmixtureofclayandsand.

Insomeplaces,soillayersareverythick.Lotsofplantsgrowinplaceswithathicksoillayer.Indryandwindyplacessoillayersaremuchthinner.Layersofsoilonmountainsarethinbecausegravitypullsthesoildownhill.

Thetypeofsoilinaparticularplaceaffectswhatkindsofplantscangrowthere.

22.Crisis

Lifeisacontest!

Whowillwin?

Abluebirdandsparrowbothcompeteforspacetobuildtheirnests.Afast-growingmapletreeandslower-growingdogwoodcompeteforthesunlighttheybothneed.Oilcompeteswithcoalandnuclearpowerasanenergysourceforelectricpowerplants!

Thereisaproblem.Thereisalimitedamountofspaceforbirds,sunlightfortrees,andenergyforpeople!

Ifwedonotcutbackonourusesofsomeofourresources,somedaytheywillbegone!

Howcanweuseenergytodayandknowwewillhaveenoughtogoaroundinthefuture?

Wecanchoosealternate,orreplacement,energyresources.Ittakestheearthmillionsofyearstocreatecoal,oil,andgas.Theyarenonrenewableresources.

Solarenergy,windenergyandwaterenergyarerenewableresources.Ittakestheearthmillionsofyearstocreatecoal,oil,andgas.Theyarenonrenewableresources.

Solarenergy,windenergyandwaterenergyarerenewable.Whatotherwayscanweconserveoursources?

Howcanwemakesurethereisalwaysenoughtogoaround?

23.America’sWorstSurprise

December7,1941wasoneoftheworstdaysinAmericanhistory.NearlyallAmericanswhoareoldenoughtorememberthatdaycanstillrememberwhattheyweredoingatthemomenttheyheard“thenews”.ThenewswasthatAmericahadbeenattacked!

Shortlybefore2:

00P.M.,aradiodispatchcameintoWashingtonfromHonolulu,Hawaii.“AirRaid,PearlHarbor—Thisisnodrill.”JapaneseplaneshadbegunanattackonthelargestAmericanmilitarybaseinthePacific.Theyfirstdestroyedplanesontheground.Thentheybombedtheshipsintheharbor.

Noonehadexpectedtheattack.Sonoonewaspreparedforit.AnditdidnottakelongforJapanesetodotheirdamage.Whenthesmokecleared,theNavycounteditslosses.Eighteenshipshadbeensunkorbadlydamaged.Nearly150planeshadbeendestroyed.Morethan2,400Americanshadbeenkilledandmorethan1,200wounded.

24.GreatDepressionintheU.S.

In1929,thebillsstartedtocomein.Americanindustryhadproducedtoomanygoods.Americanscouldnotaffordtobuyallofthem.Sofactorieshadtocutdownontheirproduction.Manyworkerslosttheirjobs.Investorstriedtogettheirmoneyback.Butbusinessesdidnothaveenoughmoneytopaythem.Bankstriedtogettheirmoneybackfrominvestors.Buttheinvestorscouldnotpay,either.Toomanypeopleowedmoney.Andfewofthemcouldpaytheirbills.

Duringthenextfewyears,businessgotworseandworse.By1932,banksalloverthecountrywereclosing.

Peoplewithoutmoneycouldnotbuygoods.Somorebusinessesclosed.Moreandmorepeoplelosttheirjobs.By1932,morethan12millionAmericanswerejobless.Millionsmorewereearningbarelyenoughtoliveon.Thecountrywasinagreatdepressiontheyhadneverexperiencedbefore.

25.APlaceofOurOwn

Weareallusuallyverycarefulwhenwebuysomethingforthehouse.Why?

Becausewehavetolivewithitforalongtime.Wepaintaroomtomakeitbrighter,sowechoosethecolorscarefully.

Webuynewcurtainsinordertomatchthenewlydecoratedroom,sotheymustbetherightcolor.Wemovethefurnitureroundsoastomakemorespace—orwebuynewfurniture—andsoon.Itisanendlessbusiness.

Richorpoor,wetaketimetofurnisharoom.Perhapssomepeoplebuyfurnitureinordertoimpresstheirfriends.Butmostofusjustwanttoenjoyoursurroundings.Wewanttoliveascomfortablyaswecanaffordto.Wespendalargepartofourlivesathome.Wewanttomakeasmallcornerintheworldwhichwecanrecognizeasourown.

26.TravelforWork

Youcanseethemineveryairportintheworld.Theyarebusinessmenandwomenwhohavetotravelfortheirwork.

Whentheyfirstappliedforthejob,theymayhavethoughtofgoodfoodandhotels,hugeexpenseaccountsandfashionablecities.Nowtheyhavetositinairportlounges,tiredanduncomfortableintheirsmartclothes,listeningtotheloudspeakerannounce“ThefightofTokyo,orBerlin,orNewYorkisdelayedforanothertwohours.”Somepeoplesaytome,“Howluckyyouaretobeabletotravelabroadinyourwork!

Youcangosightseeingwithoutpayinganymoneybyyourself!

”Theythinkthatmyjobislikeacontinualholiday.Itisnot.

Thereareadvantages,ofcourse,andIdothinIamlucky,butonlybecauseIcangotoplacesIwouldnevervisitifIwasatourist.

27.Intelligence

Aresomepeoplebornclever,andothersbornstupid?

Orisintelligencedevelopedbyourenvironmentandourexperience?

Strangelyenough,theanswertothesequestionsisyes.Tosomeextentourintelligenceisgivenusatbirth,andnoamountofspecialeducationcanmakeageniusoutofachildbornwithlowintelligence.Ontheotherhand,achildwholivesinaboringenvironmentwilldevelophisintelligencelessthanonewholivesinrichandvariedsurroundings.Thus,thelimitsofaperson’sintelligencearefixedatbirth,whetherornothereachesthoselimitswilldependonhisenvironment.Thisview,heldbymostexpertsnow,canbesupportedinanumberofways.Asiseasytoshowthatintelligenceistosomeextentsomethingwearebornwith.Thecloserthebloodrelationshipbetweentwopeopleis,theclosertheyarelikelytobeinintelligence.

28.AFreeDressEveryWeek

Thetemptationtostealisgreaterthaneverbeforeespeciallyinlargeshopsandpeoplearenotsohonestastheyoncewere.

Adetectiverecentlywatchedawell-dressedwomanwhoalwayswentintoalargestoreonMondaymornings.OneMonday,therewerefewerpeopleintheshopthanusualwhenthewomancamein,soitwaseasierforthedetectivetowatchher.Thewomanfirstboughtafewsmallarticles.Afteralittletime,shechoseoneofthemostexpensivedressesintheshopandhandedittoanassistantwhowrappeditupforherasquicklyaspossible.Thewomansimplytooktheparcelandwalkedoutoftheshopwithoutpaying.Whenshewasarrested,thedetectivefoundoutthattheshopassistantwasherdaughter.Believeitornot,thegirl“gave”hermotherafreedresseveryweek!

29.Time

Timeistangible.Onecangaintime,spendtime,wastetime,savetime,orevenkilltime.CommonquestionsinAmericanEnglishrevealthisconcretequalityasthoughtimewereapossession.“Doyouhaveanytime?

”,“Canyougetsometimeforthis?

”,“Howmuchfreetimedoyouhave?

”Thetreatmentoftimeasapossessioninfluencesthewaythattimeiscarefullydivided.

Generally,Americansaretaughttodoonethingatatimeandmaybeuncomfortablewhenanactivityisinterrupted.Inbusinesses,thecarefulschedulingoftimeandtheseparationofactivitiesarecommonpractices.Appointmentcalendarsareprintedwith15-,30-,and60-minutetimeslots.Theideathat“thereisatimeandplaceforeverything”extendstoAmericansociallife.Visitorswhodropbywithoutpriornoticemayinterrupttheirhost’spersonaltime.Thus,callingfriendsonthetelephonebeforevisitingthemisgenerallypreferredtovisitors’droppingby.

30.Cartoonists

Inagoodcartoon,theartistcantellinafewlinesasmuchasawritercantellinhalfadozenparagraphs.Thecartoonistnotonlytellsastorybuthealsotriestopersuadethereadertohiswayofthinking.Hehasgreatinfluenceonpublicopinion.Inapoliticalcampaign,heplaysanimportantpart.ControversialissuesinCongressoratmeetingsoftheUnitedNationsmaykeepthecartoonistwell-suppliedwithcurrentmaterials.

Aclevercartoonistmaycauselaughterbecauseheoftenuseshumorinhisdrawings.Ifheissketchingafamousperson,hetakesaprominentfeatureandexaggeratesit.Cartoonists,forinstance,liketolengthenanalreadylongnoseandtowidenanalreadybroadgrin.Thisexaggerationofaperson’scharacteristicsiscalledcaricature.Theartistusessuchexaggerationtoputhismessageacross.

31．WaterPollution

Waterisveryimportanttous.Factoriesandplantsneedwaterforindustrialusesandlargepiecesoffarmlandneeditforirrigation.Withoutwatertodrink,peopledieinashorttime.

Todaymostwatersourcesaresodirtythatpeoplemustpurifywaterbeforedrinking.Waterbecomesdirtyinmanyways:

industrialpollutionisoneofthem.Withthedevelopmentofindustry,plantsandfactoriespourtonsofindustrialwastersintoriverseveryday.Therivershavebecomeseriouslypolluted,andthewaterisbecomingunfitfordrinkingorirrigation.Thesamethinghasalsohappenedtoourseasandoceans.So,theproblemofwaterpollutionisalmostworldwide.

Scientistsofmanycountrieshavedonealotofworktostoppollution.Thepollutedwaterinsomeplaceshasbecomecleananddrinkableagain.Perhapsonedaythepeopleinalltownsandcitieswillbedrinkingcleanwater.Thatday,webelieve,isnotveryfaroff.

32MakingaComplaint

Complainingaboutfaultygoodsorbadservicesisnevereasy.Butifsomethingyouhavebroughtisfaultyordoesnotdowhatwasclaimedforit,youarenot