当代西方政治思潮四.ppt

当代西方政治思潮四.ppt

《当代西方政治思潮四.ppt》由会员分享，可在线阅读，更多相关《当代西方政治思潮四.ppt（76页珍藏版）》请在冰点文库上搜索。

当代西方政治思潮（之四）主讲人：

黄岭峻,第四讲社会主义

（2）:

概论Lecture3,Socialism

（2）：

Marxism,问题：

随着苏联与东欧的易帜，马克思主义是否还有生命力？

一、从黑格尔到马克思,1，黑格尔的历史哲学,Hegelsphilosophyofhistory

（1）Historyrecordstheunfoldingofaninnerhumanspirit.（历史记录了内在的人类精神的展开。

）

（2）Humanunderstandingishistorical.（人类理解是历史的。

）（3）Humanprogressanddivinedesign.（人类是进步的，且与神圣的设计相关。

）,GeorgFriedrichHegel（1770-1831）ThegreatGermanphilosopher,2，马克思KarlMarx曾经是一个青年黑格尔主义者,KarlMarx（1818-1883）.Themajortheoristofmodernsocialism.,KarlMarxwasbornin1818inTrier,Germany,toanassimilatedJewishfamily.Hisfather,asuccessfullawyer,hadhopedthathissonwouldstudylaw,butKarlpreferredphilosophy.ItwaswhilestudyinginBerlin,atthesameuniversityatwhichHegelhadtaught,thattheconfrontationwithHegelianphilosophicalsystemtookplace.,3,黑格尔与马克思的思想对照,HegelSpiritorreason（精神或理性）Dialecticalclashbetweenideas（理念之间的辩证冲突）Freedominphilosophicalterms（哲学形态的自由）,MarxPeopleandtheiractualinterests（人们与其实际利益Theactualclashbetweengroupsstrugglingfordominance（追求统治地位的集团之间的实际冲突）Politicalandeconomicfreedom（政治和经济的自由）,二、马克思的历史唯物主义MarxistMaterialism,Amaterialistviewofhistory=Materialism关于历史的唯物主义观点=历史唯物主义1，阶级主争观点

（1）Withscarceresources,differentgroupswillrangedagainsteachotherinthestruggleforsurvivalandsatisfaction.（对于有限资源，不同集团将为之斗争。

）

（2）Asmaterialconditionschange,theprotagonistsinthegreathistoricaldramachangeaswell.（随着物质条件的变化，不同历史戏剧中的主角也将发生变化。

）,Slaves.vs.Masters,serfs.vs.lords,workers.vs.capitalists,2，经济基础决定上层建筑

（1）InMarxsview,classpositionisdecisiveindetermininghowweviewtheworld.阶级地位决定世界观。

（2）Socialconditionsdetermineconsciousness.客观条件决定人的意识。

三、马克思的政治经济学,“capitalismcreatsitsowngrave-diggers.”资本主义培养了自己的掘墓人。

资本主义生产的内在矛盾,NewtechnologicalinnovationsTheincreaseinproductiveandprofitsisnolongerastronomicalNewlyimpoverishedLowwagesandfallingVastquantitiesofgoodsWhowillbuytheproducts?

PainfulcontractionsofthemarketGreatperiodiccrises,生产力与生产关系,Forcesandrelationsofproduction生产力Forcesofproduction:

theactualmaterialmethodsofproductionprevailinginagivensociety.生产关系Relationsofproduction:

thehumansideoftheproductionprocess,thewaysinordertoproduce.Capitalismproducesthemeansofhumanliberationbutpreventsitsrealization.,四、无产阶级专政与共产主义社会,Dictatorshipoftheproletariat无产阶级专政Morehumaneandlessdictatorial：

a.Thegreatmajorityoverasmallminority.b.Inordertoservethebroadinterestsofhumanitybourgeoiscapitalistsincluded.c.Atransitionalstage.,Thedawningofcommunism共产主义的到来,Factor:

TheworkerstakecontrolofthemeansofproductionhumanizetherelationsofproductionunleashtheforcesofproductionallowingtoworkforthegeneralgoodAquantumleapinhumanmaterialabundance.,工人掌握生产工具。

使生产关系人性化。

解放生产力。

允许为一般善而工作。

Thewitheringofthestate国家消亡,Theproletariat,theuniversalclass,willhaveabolisheditselfandcreatedauniversalsociety.,马克思笔下的共产主义社会：

FutureCommunistSociety,1.Democraticinaradicalsense:

Lackingconflictorcoercion.激进民主：

没有冲突和压制。

2.Workwouldnolongerbedrudgery.工作不再是负担。

3.Possessivenesswoulddisappear.所有制消失。

4.Publicownership.公有制。

5.Humanrelationswouldbeplacedonanovelfooting.关系和睦。

6.Thefamilywouldbereplacedbynewformsofhumanassociation.家庭消失。

7.Aborderless,statelesshumanity.无国界，无国家。

五、对马克思的批评：

Critiques,A:

Thehistoricalrecord:

历史事实1.Thegrowingimpoverishmentoftheworkingclassdidnotmaterialize.无产阶级的贫困化。

2.Nationalismisawaningforcewhichwouldbereplacedbyinternationalworking-classamityhasprovedtobewrong.无产阶级的国际化。

B:

DatedelementsinMarxsim.过时的结论1.Social-welfare.社会福利2.Marxsunderstandingofclassidentityandviewofthebusinesscycleareanachronistic.马克思对阶级身份的理解及商业圈的观点都是过时的。

C:

Marxsexaggerations.夸大的观点1.Allhistoricalsocietiesarelockedinlife-and-deathconflictsoverscarcesources.2.Socialrelationsnotonlyinvolveconflictandcoercion,butalsosolidarity,consensus,evencooperative.,D:

Willtheproletariatself-destruct?

在完成历史使命后，无产阶级是否会自动结束专政？

六、俄国革命与列宁主义,1，MensheviksandBolsheviks,2，普列汉诺夫与俄国马克思主义正常的建立,GeorgiValentinovichPlekhanov（November26,1857-May30,1918）wasaRussianrevolutionaryandaMarxisttheoretician.HewasafounderoftheSocial-DemocraticmovementinRussiaandwasthefirstRussianMarxist.,3，布尔什维克强调铁的纪律及民主集中制,theBolsheviks,arguedthatorganizationaldemocracywasrelevantonlyforopenwesternsocieties.Theyhadtoformarevolutionaryarmythatwas

（1）highlydisciplined,高度的纪律性

（2）hierarchicalinitscommandstructure,指挥结构中的层级制（3）secretinitsdeliberations,讨论过程中保守秘密（4）centralizedinitsorganization.组织中的集中制,4，共产党是无产阶级先锋队。

Lenininsistedthatthecommunistpartydidnotrepresentmassinterestsasmuchasinexpressedthemoreadvanceviewsofthe“revolutionarysocialistintelligentsia.”hence,thecommunistleadershiphadtoactivelysettherevolutionaryagenda.Inthissense,Leninspokeofthepartyasthevanguardofsocietysprogressiveforce.,5，列宁与马克思的区别,IfforMarxideologicalconsciousnessdependsonmaterialconditions,forLeninideologicalconsciousnessactsasanautonomousforce.Leninsviewthattherevolutionaryleadershipcanautonomouslydictatethepaceofchangeisoftendescribedasvoluntarism.

（1）马克思更强调物质条件，而列宁更强调意志作用。

LeninsvoluntarismandhispaternalisticviewoftheworkingclasstakeMarxisttheorizinginsubstantiallynewdirection.Theoristsofrevolution,likeMarxhimself,mightaidtheproletariansinunderstandingtheirsituationmoreaccurately,buttheycouldneverreplacetheworkingclassastheengineoftherevolution.

（2）马克思不想取代工人阶级成为革命的发动机，而列宁则强调党员干部的先锋作用。

6，小结,

（1）TheRussiarealitydifferedfromthewesternEuropeaninhavingexperiencedonlytheearlystagesofcapitalistdevelopment.Itlackedadynamicbourgeoisieorasubstantialproletariat.,俄国现实与西欧不同，它只是处于资本主义发展的初级阶段，缺少成熟的资产阶级与无产阶级。

（2）Marxist,initsclassicwesternEuropeanform,wasbasicallyinapplicabletotheRussiareality.,就原初意义的马克思主义而言，并不适合于俄国的实际情况。

因此，俄国革命应该采取的策略应该是,ATactically,inordertodefenditselfagainstanimplacablyhostilereality,thepartymustorganizealongquasi-militarylineswiththeemphasisondiscipline,hierarchy,secrecy,andcentralization.,

（1）为了应对严酷的现实，党必须实行半军事化。

BTheparty,ratherthantheproletariat,becomesthecentralagencyofrevolution.,

（2）是党，而不是无产阶级，成为革命的中心。

CItisnotnecessarytoawaitwiththeproperideologicalweaponscanshortentheprocess.,（3）不必等待用合适的意识形态武器来缩短进程。

DRussiaslargelypeasantcharactermeantthatthisvasthumanresourcehadtobemobilized,ifonlytacticallyandtemporarily,intherevolutionarycause.,（4）动员农民。

六、从列宁主义到斯大林主义,1，俄国1905年革命,The1905RussianRevolutionwasawaveofmasspoliticalunrestthroughvastareasoftheRussianEmpire.Someofitwasdirectedagainstthegovernment,whilesomewasundirected.,2,1917年2月,尼古拉二世退位。

AttheendoftheFebruaryRevolutionof1917（FebruaryintheOldRussianCalendar）,on2March（JulianCalendar）/15March（GregorianCalendar）1917,NicholasIIwasforcedtoabdicate.,GrigoriYefimovichRasputin（1869-1916）,3,十月革命TheOctoberrevolution,AlexanderKerensky（1881-1970-）,TenDaysthatShooktheWorld,ThePolishSovietWar（February1919March1921）,4，TheRussianCivilWar（19171923）,5，新经济政策NewEconomicPolicy,NEP,Inforward,theNewEconomicPolicy（NEP）wasinstitutedin1921.Capitalism,monitoredandregulated,wouldbeallowedtomakeapartialreturn,Althoughtheultimatecontrolsrestedwiththegovernment,greatdealoflatitudeforprivateownershipandlocalinitiativewaspermitted.By1928,whentheNEPwasofficiallyterminated,thesovietunionseconomyhadmadeasubstantialrecovery,6，列宁逝世，1924，1，21,Thedictatorshipoftheproletariat,LeninismdepartsmostglaringlyfromtheletterandspiritofMarxistsinregardtodictatorshipoftheproletariat.ForMarx,proletariatdictatorshipwasonlyalogicalturningofthetablesonthebourgeoisdictatorshipthatprecededit.Theterm“dictatorship”inthephrasedidnotentailanewandunprecedentedformofrepressivecontrol.,7，斯大林的崛起JosephStalin（18December18785March1953）,LevKamenev（1883-1936）,GrigoryZinoviev（1883-1936）,LeonTrotsky（1879-1940）,LeninismvsStalinism,AlthoughStalinismwouldnothavebeenpossiblewithoutthedoctrinalfoundationsofLeninism,theresponsibilityforStalinistbrutalityandcapriciousautocracycannotbeascribedtoLenin.StalindepartedfromLeninismatleastasmuchasLeninhaddepartedfromMarxist.,TheGulagorGULAGwasthegovernmentagencythatadministeredthepenallaborcampsoftheSovietUnion.,Stalinisttotalitarianism,Inaseriesofdeftstrokes,Stalinturnedhisopponentsagainsteachother,isolatinganddestroyinghiscompetitorsonebyone.By1928Stalinhadeffectivelyeliminatedmostofhisopposition.Forthenextquartercentury,StalinruledthesovietUnionwithadegreeofabsolutenessandbrutalitythathaverarely,ifever,beenequaledinhumanhistory.,斯大林的集权,Collectivizationofthepeasantry,In1929hebeganacampaigntocollectivizesovietagriculture.Stalinorderedthedecimationofawholeclassoflargeandsmalllandowners,thecollectivetransferofvastpeasantpopulationovergreatdistance,theappropriationofallfarmswiththeirlivestock,buildings,andtools,andtheorganizationofthepeasantryincooperativeandstatefarms.,苏联集体农庄,Thepurgesof19341938,InDecemberof1934,Kirov,headoftheLeningradpartyorganization,wasmurdered.WenowknowthatStalinwasbehindtheassassination.IthasneverbeendefinitivelydeterminedhowmanywerekilledintheGreatPurgesofthemid-1930s.Estimatesrunfromthemillionstothetensofmillions.,大清洗,导火线：

基洛夫遇刺,Stalinscultofpersonality,Allthewhile,acultofthepersonality,activelydirectedbyStalinhimself,wasgainingmomentum,hisleadership,histhought,andhispersonalqualitieswereidealizedandworshipedwithquasireligiousfervor.,对斯大林的个人崇拜,Rewritinghistory,StalinevenwagedideologicalbattlesagainstMarxand