最全面语言学重点知识点+整理.docx
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最全面语言学重点知识点+整理
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第一单元
什么是语言学？
What
is
linguistics?
Prescriptive:
itaimslaydownrulesfor
“c.orrect
”behavior
Modernlinguisticsisdescriptive;itsinvestigationsarebasedonauthentic,and
mainlyspokendata.
Linguisticsisgenerallydefinedasthescientific
study
of
language.
It
studiesnot
any
particular
Traditionalgrammarisprescriptive;itisbasedon
“high”
written
language,butlanguagesingeneral.
2.Synchronicvs.diachronic
共时性与历史性
Thedescriptionofalanguageatsomepointintimeisasynchronicstudy
ThedescriptionofalanguageasitchangesthroughtimeisadiachronicstudyInmodernlinguistics,synchronicstudyseemstoenjoypriorityoverdiachronicstudy.
Thescopeoflinguistics
语言学研究的范畴
Phonetics语音学\Phonology音系学\Morphology
形态学\Syntax
句
法学\Semantics
语义学\Pragmatics
语用学\Sociolinguistics
社会语
言学\Psycholinguistics
心理语言学\Appliedlinguistics应用语言学
3.Speechandwriting
口头语与书面语
Phonetics
语音学：
the
study
of
sounds
used
inlinguistic
Speechenjoyspriorityoverwritinginmodernlinguisticsstudyforthefollowingreasons:
（1）speechprecedeswritingintermsofevolution
（2）alargeamountofcommunicationiscarriedoutinspeechtaninwriting
（3）speechistheforminwhichinfantsacquiretheirnativelanguage
communicationledtotheestablishmentofabranchoflinguistics
calledphonetics
Phonology音系学:
aslinguists
becameinterested
inhowsounds
puttogetherandusedtoconveymeaningincommunication,they
4.Languageandparole
语言与言语
developedphonology.
Morphology
another
branch
of
study
related
to
sounds
called
Languagereferstotheabstractlinguisticsystemsharedbyallthemembersofaspeechcommunity
Parolereferstotherealizationoflanguageinactualuse
形态学:
thestudy
ofthewayinwhichthesesymbols
arearrangedformwordshasconstitutedthebranchofstudycalledmorphology.
Syntax句法学:
thecombinationofthesewordstoformpermissible
5.Competenceandperformance
能力与运用
Chomskydefinescompetenceastheidealusers
language
’knowledgeoftheruslesof
Performance:
theactualrealizationofthisknowledgeinlinguisticcommunication
sentencesinlanguages
isgovernedbyrules,the
studyofthese
linguisticsstudies
rulesconstitutesamajorbranchof
Whatislanguage?
什么是语言？
Languageisasystemofarbitrary
Semantics语义学:
thestudyofmeaningwas
andbecameknownassemantics
gradually
developed
vocalsymbolsusedforhumancommunication
Pragmatics语用学:
whenthestudyofmeaningisconducted,notin
Characteristicsoflanguage:
语言的特性
isolaion,but
inthecontext
ofuse,itbecomesanother
branch
of
Languageisarule-governedsystemLanguageisbasicallyvocal
Languageisarbitrary（thefactdifferentlanguageshavedifferent
linguisticstudycalledpragmatics
Sociolinguistics社会语言学:
thestudyofallthesesocialaspectsoflanguageanditsrelationwithsocietyformthecoreofthebranch
calledsociolinguistics
wordsforthesameobjectisagoodillustration
ofthearbitrary
natureoflanguage.Thisconventionalnatureoflanguageiswell
illustratedbyafamousquotationfromShakespeare
Psycholinguistics心理语言学
languagetopsychology
:
Psycholinguisticsrelatesthestudyof
’splay
andJuliet
”:
“Arosebyanyothernamewouldsmellassweet.
\Applied
linguistics
应用语言学:
findings
inlinguistic
studiescan
Languageisusedforhumancommunication
oftenbeappliedtothesolutionofsuchpracticalproblemsasthe
recoveryofspeechability.thestudyofsuchapplicationsisgenerallyknownasappliedlinguistics
Designfeaturesoflanguage
语言的甄别特征
AmericanlinguistCharlesHockettspecified12designfeatures:
1）arbitrariness武断性
Other
related
branchs
include
anthropological
linguistics,and
2）productivity
创造性
linguistics,neurological
computationallinguistics.
linguistics,mathematical
3）duality
二重性
4）displacement
移位性
Someimportantdistinctionsinlinguistics
语言学/计算语言学
。
人类学
/神经语言学
/数理
5）culturaltransmission
文化传递性
1.PrescriptivevsDescriptive
规定性与描述性
单元二Twomajormediaofcommunication:
speechandwriting
Descriptive：
alinguisticstudydescribesand
actuallyuse.
analyzesthelanguage
people
Thelimited
rangeofsoundswhich
aremeaningful
inhuman
communication
andareofinterest
tolinguistic
studiesarethe
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phonicmediumoflanguage.
用于人类语言交际的声音称为语音，
但实际上，
同一语音在不通的语音环境中的发音不尽相同，
比如
这些数目有限的一组语音构成了语言的声音媒介。
Pit和spit中的/P/音发音就不一样。
在宽式标音的基础上，
再用变音符号表示同一语音在不同的语音环
Phonetics语音学:
isdefinedasthestudyofthephonicmediumof
language;
itisconcerned
with
allthesoundsthatoccurin
the
境下不同发音的标音法叫做窄式标音法。
ClassificationofEnglishspeechsoundsconstants
world’slanguage.
Threebranchesofphonetics:
英语语音的分类
vowelsand
articulatory
phonetics发音语音学
（mosthighlydeveloped）,auditory
phonetics
听觉语音学
and
acousticphonetics
声学语音学
Thebasicdifferencebetweenavowelandaconstantisthatinthe
Articulationphonetics（
发音语音学）:
Howaspeakeruseshisspeech
pronunciation
oftheformer
theairthatcomesfromthelungs
organsarticulatethesounds.Auditoryphonetics（听觉语音学）
sounds.
:
How
ahearer
perceives
the
meetswithnoobstructionofanykindinthethroat,thenose,or
themouth,whileinthatofthelatteritisobstructedinonewayoranother.
Consonants:
thesoundsintheproductionofwhich
Acoustic（声学语音学）:
Howthesoundsaretransmitter
.
Organsofspeech
发音器官
Thearticulatoryapparatusofahumanbeingarecontainedinthree
importantareasorcavities:
there
isanobstruction
oftheair
steamatsomepoint
ofthevocaltract.
Thepharyngealcavity
咽腔----thethroat
Vowels:
the
sounds
in
the
production
of
which
no
Theoralcavity
Thenasalcavity
口腔----themouth
鼻腔---thenose
articulatorscomeveryclosetogetherandtheair
Vibrationofthevocalcords（
声带）resultsin
aqualityofspeech
stream
passes
throughthe
vocal
tract
without
soundscalled
“voi浊cin音g，”whichisafeatureofallvowels
元音
obstruction.
andsomeconsonants
辅音。
单词补充：
01）velum:
Thesoftpalate.
ClassificationofEnglishconstants
软腭
Classification
in
two
ways:
in
terms
of
manner
of
02）uvula:
Asmall,conical,fleshymassoftissuesuspendedfromthecenterof
thesoftpalate.
3）larynx:
n.
4）vocalcord:
小舌，悬雍垂悬垂在软腭中央的小的圆锥状肉块
喉
声带
articulation:
stops,fricatives,affricates,nasals,liquids,glides.
:
in
terms
of
place
of
05）membrane:
n.Athin,pliablelayeroftissuecoveringsurfacesorseparating
articulation:
bilabial,labiodental,dental,alveolar
palatal,velar
glottal.
orconnectingregions,structures,ororgansofananimaloraplant.
的组织层，覆盖在表面或分割连接各种区域、结构或动植物器官
膜薄而柔软
6）thesoftpalate:
7）thehardpalate:
8）theteethridge:
软腭
硬腭齿龈
9）alveolus:
Atoothsocketinthejawbone
10）theteeth:
牙齿
牙槽颚骨处的牙床
11）thelips:
上下唇
12）bladeoftongue:
13）backoftongue:
舌面
舌根
14）pharyngealcavity:
咽腔
15）nasalcavity:
鼻腔
16）velar:
Articulatedwiththebackofthetonguetouchingornearthesoftpalate,as（g）ingoodand（k）incup.软腭音的用舌头后部挂触或靠近软腭清楚地
发音的，如在
good中的（g）以及在cup中的（k）
17）thetipofthetongue:
18）theupperfrontteeth:
19）theroofofthemouth:
舌尖
上齿上颚
20）thelowerlip:
下唇
InternationalPhoneticAlphabet（IPA）
Thevowels（monophthongsanddiphthongs）
音）
元音（单元音&双元
Theconstants
辅音
Broad
transcription:
transcription
with
letter-symbols
only.
（in
dictionariesandteachingtextbooks）
用一个符号来表示一个语音的标音方式叫做宽式标音法，这种音标
法常见于词典和教科书。
ClassificationofEnglishvowels
:
thepositionofthetongueinthemouth3groups:
front,central,andback）
舌位高低（classificationof
Narrowtranscription:
thetranscriptionwithdiacritics.
:
the
openness
ofthemouth,口的张开程度（classification
of4
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groups:
close
openvowels）
vowels,semi-close
vowels,semi-open
vowels,and
contrast.
可以出现在不同语音组合中的同一为止，
产生意义差别。
:
theshapeofthelips
园唇与否（roundedornotrounded）
/P/and/Ph/thesetwoallophonesofthesamephonemearesaidtobeincomplementarydistribution.
Whentwodifferentformsareidenticalineverywayexceptforone
soundsegmentwhichoccursinthesameplaceinthestrings,the
:
length
of
the
vowels
元音的长度（long
vowels
and
short
vowels,correspondingtothedistinctionoftenseandlaxvowels）
twowordsaresaidtoformaminimalpair
.[pen]and[ben]
最小对立对指出现在同一位置上的一个音之外其余都相同的两个语
音组合。
Somerulesinphonology
几条音系规则
：
blik,klib,bilk,kilbispossible.Butlbki,
Sequentialrules
序列规则
ilbk,bkil,ilkbnotpossible.
Assimilationrules同化规则（onesoundtoanotherby“copyinga”
featureofasequentialphoneme,thusmakethetwophonessimilar）
Deletion
rule省略规则（ittelluswhenasoundistobedeleted
althoughitisorthographicallyrepresented.）Sign,design,thereisno
{g}sound./Signature,designationthe{g}ispronounced./Deletea[g]whenitoccursbeforeafinalnasalconstant.
Suprasegmentalfeatures:
thephonemicfeaturesthatoccurabove
thelevelofthesegments.
切分即单音层面以上的音系特征。
Phonologyandphonetics
音系学和语音学
botharethestudiesofspeechsounds.
themainsuprasegmentalfeaturesare:
stress,tone,intonation.
切分特征――重音，声调，语调
超
Phoneticsisofageneralnature;itisinterestedinallthespeech
soundsusedinallhumanlanguages.
第三单元Morphologyisabranchofgrammarwhich
internalstructureofwordsandtherulesbywhich
studies
the
语音学研究的是人类所有语言的语音，
旨在对语音进行描述和分类。
words
are
Phonologyisinterested
inthesystemofsoundsofaparticular
formed.
It
is
divided
into
two
sub-branches:
inflectional
language;
itaimstodiscoverhowspeechsoundsinalanguage
morphologyandlexicalorderivationalmorpho
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