TKTGlossary中译版.docx
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TKTGlossary中译版
MODULE1
Conceptsandterminologyfordescribinglanguage
描述语言的术语及概念
GRAMMAR语法
Activevoice主动语态
passivevoice.被动语态
Adjective形容词
comparativeadjective形容词比较级
demonstrativeadjective指代形容词
possessiveadjective所有格形容词（代词所有格）
Asuperlativeadjective形容词最高级
Adverb副词
Auxiliaryverb:
助动词
Article冠词
Anarticlecanbedefinite（the）,indefinite（a）orzero（-）,e.g.Iwasat（-）homeinthesittingroomwhenIheardanoise.
Aspect
Awayoflookingatverbformsnotpurelyinrelationtotime.Theperfect,continuousandsimpleareaspects.Thecontinuousaspect,forexample,suggeststhatsomethingishappeningtemporarily.
Baseformoftheverb:
动词基本形式
Clause从句
Aclauseconsistsofaverband（generally）asubject.Aclausecanbeafullsentenceorapartofasentence.
Mainclause主句
Whentheteacherarrived,thestudentsstoppedtalking.
Subordinateclause从句
Whentheteacherarrived,thestudentsstoppedtalking.
Relativeclause定语从句
Thestudentswhoweresittingnearthefrontstoodup.
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Collectivenoun:
集合名词
Compoundnoun:
复合名词
Conditional条件句
Firstconditional,第一条件句
Secondconditional,第二条件句
Thirdconditional.第三条件句
Conjunction连词
Aconjunction（orconnector）isusedtoconnectwords,phrases,clausesorsentences,e.g.IliketeabutIdon’tlikecoffeebecauseit’stoostrongforme.
Connector:
连词
Countablenoun:
可数名词
Demonstrativeadjective:
指示形容词.
Demonstrativepronoun:
指示代词.
Dependentpreposition:
非独立介词
Determiner限定词
Adeterminerisusedtomakeclearwhichnounisreferredto,ortogiveinformationaboutquantity,andincludeswordssuchasthe,a,this,that,my,some,e.g.Thatcarismine.
Directspeech直接引语
Theactualwordssomeonesays,e.g.Hesaid,‘MynameisRon.’
Firstconditional:
seeconditionalforms.
Gerund,-ingform动名词形式
Anounwhichismadefromthepresentparticipleformofaverb,e.g.Ihateshopping.
Grammaticalstructure语法结构
Thearrangementofwordsintomeaningfulsentences.Agrammaticalstructureisalsoagrammaticallanguageitem,e.g.presentperfectsimple.
Imperative祈使句
Theformofaverbthatgivesanorderorinstruction,e.g.Turntopage10.
Indirectquestion
Thewordssomeoneuseswhentheyaretellingsomeonewhatsomebodyelseasked,e.g.PeteraskedSuewhatshemeant.
Anindirectquestioncanalsobeusedwhensomeonewantstoasksomethinginamorepoliteway,e.g.‘Iwaswonderingifyoucouldhelpme’（indirectquestion）insteadof‘Couldyouhelpme?
’（directquestion）.
Seedirectquestion.
Indirectspeech:
seereportedstatement.间接引语
Infinitive:
seeverb.不定式
Infinitiveofpurpose表示目的的不定式
Thisisusedtoexpresswhysomethingisdone,e.g.IwenttothelessontolearnEnglish.
-ing/-edadjective:
seeadjective.形容词加ing或ed形式
Intensifier加强语气的词汇
Awordusedtomakethemeaningofanotherwordstronger,e.g.He’smuchtallerthanhisbrother;I’mverytired.
Interrogative疑问句
Aquestionform.
Irregularverb:
seeverb.不规则动词
Mainclause:
seeclause.主句
Modalverb:
seeverb.情态动词
Noun名词
Aperson,placeorthing,e.g.elephant,girl,grass,school.
Acollectivenounisanounwhichincludesagroupofpeopleorthings,e.g.thepolice,thegovernment.集合名词
Acompoundnounisacombinationoftwoormorewordswhichareusedasasingleword,e.g.aflower复合名词
shop,aheadache.
Acountablenounhasasingularandpluralform,e.g.bookbooks.可数名词
Anuncountablenoundoesnothaveapluralform,e.g.information.不可数名词
Apropernounisthenameofapersonorplace,e.g.Robert,London.专有名词
Asingularnounisoneperson,placeorthing.单数名词
Apluralnounismorethanoneperson,placeorthingandcanberegularorirregular,e.g.boys,women.复数名词
Object宾语
Thisisanounorphrasethatdescribesthethingorpersonthatisaffectedbytheactionofaverb,e.g.IsawMaryintheclassroom.Seesubject.
Participle（pastandpresent）现在分词及过去分词
Theformoftheverbthatisusedtomaketensesoradjectives,e.g.aninterestingfilm（presentparticiple）;Ihaven’tseenhimtoday.（pastparticiple）
Passivevoice被动语态
Inapassivesentence,somethingisdonetoorhappenstothesubjectoftheverb,e.g.Thetreewashitbythecar.
Seeactivevoice.
Pastperfectsimpleandcontinuous,progressive:
seetense.过去完成时及进行时
Pastsimpleandpastcontinuous,progressive:
seetense.一般过去时及进行式
Personalpronoun:
seepronoun.人称代词
Phrase短语
Possessive‘s’andwhose所有格‘s
Waysofshowingoraskingwhosomethingbelongsto,e.g.‘Whosebookisit?
’‘It’sSue’s’.
Preposition介词
Awordusedbeforeanoun,nounphraseorpronountoconnectittoanotherword,e.g.Hewasinthegarden.
Adependentprepositionisawordthatisalwaysusedwithaparticularnoun,verboradjective,e.g.
interestedin,dependon,boredwith.
Presentcontinuous,progressiveforfuture:
seetense.现在进行时
Presentperfectsimpleandcontinuous,progressive:
seetense.现在完成时及进行时
Presentsimpleandcontinuous,progressive:
seetense.一般现在时及进行时
Pronoun代词
Awordthatreplacesorreferstoanounornounphrasejustmentioned.
Demonstrativepronoun,e.g.this,that.指示代词
Objectpronoun,e.g.him.代词宾格
Personalpronoun,e.g.I（subjectpronoun）,me（objectpronoun）人称代词
Possessivepronoun,e.g.mine名词性代词
Reflexivepronoun,e.g.myself反身代词
Relativepronoun,e.g.which关系代词
Propernoun:
seenoun.
Punctuation标点符号
Thesymbolsormarksusedtoorganisewritingintoclauses,phrasesandsentencestomakethemeaningclear,e.g.fullstop,capitalletter,apostropheandcomma.
Quantifier量词
Awordorphrasesuchas‘much’,‘few’or‘alotof’whichisusedwithanountoshowanamount,e.g.Idon’thavemuchtime;Ihavealotofbooks.
Questiontag问号
Aphrasesuchas‘isn’tit?
’or‘doesn’the?
’thatisaddedtotheendofasentencetomakeitaquestion,ortocheckthatsomeoneagreeswiththestatement,e.g.It’sverycold,isn’tit?
Reflexivepronoun:
seepronoun.
Regularverb:
seeverb.规则动词
Relativeclause:
seeclause.定语从句
Relativepronoun:
seepronoun.关系代词
Reportedstatement间接引语
Whensomeone’swordsarereportedbyanotherperson,e.g.Shesaidshewassorry.Seeindirectquestion.
Reportingverb间接引语中使用的动词
Averbsuchas‘tell’,‘advise’,‘suggest’usedinindirectspeechtoreportwhatsomeonehassaid,e.g.JaneadvisedJohntostudyharder.
Secondconditional:
seeconditionalforms.
Singularnoun:
seenoun.
Subject主语
Thisisthenounorphrasethatgoesbeforetheverbinasentencetoshowwhoisdoingtheaction,e.g.JohnplaystenniseverySaturday.Seeobject.
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Subject-verbagreement主谓一致
Whentheformoftheverbmatchesthepersondoingtheactionoftheverb,e.g.Iwalk,hewalks.IfastudentwritesIwalks,thenitiswrongbecausethereisnosubject-verbagreement.
Subordinateclause:
seeclause.从句
Superlativeadjective:
seeadjective.形容此最高级
Tense时态
Aformoftheverbthatshowswhethersomethinghappensinthepast,presentorfuture,e.g.
Pastperfectsimpleandcontinuous,progressive过去完成时及进行时
AfterIhadphonedMary,Iwentout.（pastperfectsimple）
Ihadbeenstudyingforthreehours,soIfeltquitetired.（pastperfectcontinuous,progressive）
Pastsimpleandpastcontinuous,progressive一般过去时及进行时
Iwastalking（pastcontinuous,progressive）tomyfriendwhenthetaxicame.（pastsimple）
Presentcontinuous,progressiveforfuture进行时表将来
Whatareyoudoingattheweekend?
Presentperfectsimpleandcontinuous,progressive现在完成时及进行时
Ihaveknownhimforalongtime（presentperfectsimple）.
Ihavebeenstudyingforthreeyears（presentperfectcontinuous,progressive）.
Presentsimpleandcontinuous,progressive一般现在时及进行时
Iworkataschool（presentsimple）andIamworkinginLondonnow（presentcontinuous,progressive）.
Thirdconditional:
seeconditionalforms.
Thirdperson第三人称
Averborapronounwhichshowsthatsomebodyorsomethingisbeingspokenabout,e.g.He,she,it,they.
Timeexpression时间表达式
Awordorphrasethatindicatesatimeperiod,suchasafter,by,e.g.Iwillmeetyouafterthelesson.
Uncountablenoun:
seenoun.
Usedto过去常常做某事
Astructurethatshowssomethinghappenedinthepastbutdoesnothappennow,e.g.IusedtoliveinLondon,butnowIliveinParis.
Verb动词
Thewordwhichfollowsthesubjectofasentence,andissometimesdescribedasthe‘action’word,e.g.Ilikecheese;
HespeaksItalian.
Anauxiliaryverbisaverbusedwithotherverbstomakequestions,negativesandtenses,e.g.be,do,have.助动词
Thebaseformoftheverbistheinfinitiveformofaverbwithout‘to’,e.g.go.动词的基本形式
Theinfinitiveformisthebaseformofaverbwith‘to’.Itisusedafteranotherverb,afteranadjectiveornounorasthesubjectorobjectofasentence,e.g.'Iwanttostudy’,‘It’sdifficulttounderstand’.动词不定式
Anirregularverbdoesnotfollowthesameruleasregularverbs.Eachirregularverbhasitsownwayofformingthepastsimpleandpastparticiple,e.g.gowent（pastsimple）gone（pastparticiple）.不规则动词
Amodalverbisaverbusedwithotherverbstoshowideassuchasabilityorobligationorpossibility.Theyincludecan,must,will,should,e.g.IcanspeakFrench,butIshouldstudyevenharder.情态动词
Aregularverbchangesitsformsbyadding-edinthepastsimpleandpastparticiple,e.g.walkwalked规则动词
（pastsimple）.
Verbpattern动词搭配
Theformofthewordsfollowingtheverb,e.g.headvisedmetogetthereearly.（advise+objectpronoun+to+base
form）
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