定语从句的注意点.docx
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定语从句的注意点
定语从句的注意点
1.定义:
修饰名词或代词(先行词);定语从句一般紧跟在它们后面,有时也被分开,这时可称为分隔性定语从句
2.种类:
逗号隔开后,称为非限制性定语从句;
3.关联词:
引导定语从句的词称为关联词(分关系代词和关系副词),其作用有三:
(1)连接作用:
引导从句,把它和主句连接起来;
(2)替代作用:
代替先行词;
(3)成分作用:
在从句中充当成分(主语、宾语、定语、表语、状语)。
4.如何选择:
选择关系代词和关系副词的关键:
(1)看先行词是指什么的;
(2)看先行词在从句中的作用
先行词
主语
宾语
定语
表语
状语
指人
指物
指时间
指地点
指原因
注意:
(1)非限制性定语从句中一定不能用that引导;
(2)介词提前,只能用whom(指人)/which(指物),但若关系代词后还修饰名词时,仍需用whose,如:
Thereare100studentsintheclass,mostofwhosenativelanguageisnotEnglish.
5.“介词+关系代词”引导定语从句时,介词的确定依据:
(1)从句中的谓语动词;
Couldyoutellmeforwhomyouhaveboughtthisjacket?
自测:
whoistheman_____whomourteacherisshakinghands?
(2)从句中的形容词;
Oursisabeautifulcountry,ofwhichwearegreatlyproud.
自测:
Thisisthestudent________whomwearesatisfied.
(3)先行词;
WewillneverforgetthedayonwhichourbelovedleaderDengXiaopingpassedaway.
自测:
Thefreezingpointisthetemperature__________whichwaterchangesintoice.(atinofon)
(4)句子意义。
Shehadtwodaughters,bothofwhombecamedoctors.
自测:
Iwanttofindtheverypen____whichIwrotethisletter.
(六)限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句的区别。
1.形式上,非限制性定语从句往往用逗号隔开。
2.语法上,非限制性定语从句一般不用that.
3.语义上,限制性定语从句与先行词关系紧密,起限定作用,如果去掉了这个定语从句,整个句子就不完整或者会改变意思;而非限制性定语从句与先行词关系不是很紧密,对先行词起补充说明或描述的作用。
ThisisthebookIlikebest. 这就是我最喜欢的那本书。
Beijing,whichhasbeenChina'scapitalformorethan800years,isrichinculturalandhistoricrelics.北京是中国八百年之久的古都,它有着丰富的文化和历史遗产。
Chinaisacountrywhichhasalonghistory.
China,whichwasfoundedin1949,isbecomingmoreandmorepowerful.
4.翻译时,限制性定语从句可译为一句(较短的一般译为"的"字结构);而非限制性定语从句可译为两句。
(见上句翻译)
比较:
Hehasasister,whoisamusician.
Hehasasisterwhoisamusician.
Hisbrotherwhoisnowadoctoralwaysencourageshimtogotocollege.
Hisbrother,whoisnowadoctor,alwaysencourageshimtogotocollege.
引导非限制性定语从句的关系代词,1.不能用that引导;2.关系代词不能省略。
指人时用who,whom,whose,指物时用which,whose;关系副词when,where,why,etc.
1.Hestudiedhardatschoolwhenhewasyoung,__________leadstohissuccessinhislaterlife.
2.Tom'sfather,__________arrivedjustnow,isafamousscientist.
3.Theysetupaseparatestateoftheirown,_______theywouldbefreetokeepNegroesasslaves.
(七)关系代词as和which引导的定语从句
as和which引导非限制性定语从句,有相同之处也有不同之处。
具体情况是:
1.as和which都可以在定语从句中做主语或者宾语,代表前面整个句子。
(1)Hemarriedher,as/whichwasnatural.
(2)Hewashonest,as/whichwecansee.
2.as的用法:
(as引导定语从句,在定语从句中作主语、宾语、表语)
①如为限制性的,多用于thesame…as;thesameas;such…as…;asmany/muchas;so…as等结构中。
如:
※Ihavethesamebookasyou(have).我有一本和你的一样的书。
※.---Whydidn'tyoumentionthatinfaceofthepolicejustnow?
---Ithoughtitwassuchaminordetailaswashardlyworthmentioning.
Don'tdosuchthingsasyouarenotsureabout.
Thereisnosuchplaceasyoudreamofinallthisworld.
注意:
当先行词由thesame修饰时,偶尔也用that引导定语从句,但是和由as所引导的定语从句意思不同:
SheworethesamedressthatsheworeatMary'swedding.
她穿着她在Mary婚礼上穿过的一条裙子。
Sheworethesamedressasheryoungsisterwore.
她穿着和她妹妹所穿的一样的裙子。
比较:
Iliveinthesamehousethatheusedtolivein.
I'mwearingthesameshirtasyouworeyesterday.
比较:
Hereissobigastoneasnoonecanlift.(定语从句)
Hereissobigastonethatnoonecanliftit.(结果状语从句)
②如为非限制性的,多单独引导一个定语从句,这种定语从句可置于句首,句中或句尾,译为"正如,这一点"。
(动词常为know,see,expect,pointout,etc.)
※Asweallknow,smokingisharmfultoone'shealth.(as作宾语)
=Asisknowntoall,smokingisharmfultoone'shealth.(as作主语)
=It'sknowntoallthatsmokingisharmfultoone'shealth.
=Smokingisharmfultoone'shealth,asweallknow.(as作宾语)
=Smoking,asweallknow,isharmfultoone'health.
※Hewasaforeigner,asIknewfromhisaccent. (宾语,先行词是前面整个句子)
3.which引导的非限制性定语从句只能放在主句之后(在定语从句中作主语、宾语、表语)。
(三)HehasbeentoParismorethanseveraltimes,whichIdon'tbelieve.
(四) 注意:
当主句和从句存在逻辑上的因果关系时,常用which
(五)Hewasalwaysspeakinghighlyofhisroleintheplay,whichmadetheothersunhappy.
(六)
(七)
(八)须用that引导的定语从句
情况
例句
nothing,everything,anything,few,none,much,all,little,theone等不定代词作先行词时,常用that引导从句.something两者均可。
IsthereanythingthatIcandoforyou?
ThereislittlethatIcandoforyou.
Allthatcanbedonehasbeendone.
2.指物的先行词是序数词或被序数词修饰时。
Thefirstthingthatweshoulddoistohelphim.
3.指物的先行词是最高级或被形容词最高级修饰时。
ThisisthebestforeignfilmthatIhaveeverseen.
4.指物的先行词前被thevery,theonly,thesame修饰时或被every,any,all,some,no,little,few,much等修饰时
但:
当先行词指人时,偶尔也可以用who
That’stheverytoolthatwearelookingfor.
Anymanthat/.whohasasenseofdutywon'tdosuchathing.
5.先行词既指人又指物时。
Theytalkedaboutthethingsandfriendsthattheycouldremember.
6.主句是由Who/Which引导的特殊疑问句时。
Whoisthemanthatisstandingoverthere?
Whichisthetoolthatyouarelookingfor?
7.如果有两个从句,其中一个关系代词已用which,另一个关系代词宜用that,以避免语言的单调或重复。
Edisonbuiltupafactorywhichproducedthingsthathadneverbeenseenbefore.
8.主句是Therebe结构,修饰其主语为物的定语从句宜用that作关系代词.
Thereisstillaseatinthecornerthatisstillfree.
9.被修饰成分为表语时,或者关系代词本身是定语从句的表语时,该关系代词宜用that.
That'sagoodbookthatwillhelpyoualot.
Myhomevillageisnolongertheplace(that)itusedtobe.
(四).不可由that引导的定语从句
1.在非限制性定语从句中。
MrSmith,wholivesinChicago,isadoctor.
2.关系代词在从句中作前置介词的宾语时。
ThisistheroominwhichMrLiuoncelived.
3.由that作先行词时。
Thebreadwhichismadebymymotherisbetterthanthatwhichissoldinfoodshops.
,those,all,one,ones,they,he,people等指人的不定代词或代词作先行词时。
Anyonewhobreaksthelawwillbepunished.
Thosewhoarenotfitfortheirworkshouldleaveofficeatonce
Idon'tliketheones(=those)whotalkbig.
5.当关系代词后面带有插入语时.
Here'stheEnglishgrammarwhich,asIhavetoldyou,willhelpimproveyourEnglish.
一)限制性定语从句只能用that的几种情况
1、当先行词是anything,everything,nothing(something除外),few,all,none,little,some等代词时,或者是由every,any,all,some,no,little,few,much,each等修饰时
(1)Haveyoutakendowneverything(that)Mr.Lihassaid?
(2)Thereseemstobenothing(that)seemsimpossibleforhimintheworld.
(3)Allthatcanbedonehasbeendone.
(4)Thereislittle(that)Icandoforyou.
注意1:
部分时候that可以省略,如部分例句将that用括号括住。
注意2:
当先行词指人时,偶尔也可以用who
(4)Anymanthat/.whohasasenseofdutywon’tdosuchathing.
2、当先行词被序数词修饰
ThefirstplacethattheyvisitedinLondonwastheBigBen.
3、当先行词被形容词最高级修饰时
ThisisthebestfilmthatIhaveseen.
4、当形容词被thevery,theonly,thesame,thelast修饰时
(1)ThisistheverygooddictionarythatIwanttobuy,
(2)Afterthefireinhishouse,theoldcaristheonlythingthatheowned.
当先行词指人时,偶尔也可以用who
(3)WangHuaistheonlypersoninourschoolwhowillattendthemeeting?
5、当先行词前面有who,which等疑问代词时
(1)Whoisthemanthatisstandingthere?
(2)WhichistheT-shirtthatfitsmemost?
6、当先行词既有人,也有动物或者物体时
Canyourememberthescientistandhistheorythatwehavelearned?
7.当关系代词在定语从句中做表语
Thevillageisnolongertheonethatitusedtobe10yearsago.