暑假高考英语阅读理解外国文化话题提分训练.docx

暑假高考英语阅读理解外国文化话题提分训练.docx

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暑假高考英语阅读理解外国文化话题提分训练

2021暑假高考英语阅读外国文化话题提高训练

第一阶段

1

Ifapersonthrowsupacoinintotheair,itmaylandononeside,oritmaylandontheother.

Thereisnosenseinanalyzing（分析）theresult,becauseitisarandom（随意的）chanceevent.Nothingcanbedonetoinfluencetheoutcome.Abouthalfthetimethecoinwilllandononeside,andabouthalfthetimeitwilllandontheotherside,nomatterhowthecoinisthrownup.

Inancienttimes,peoplebelievedalmostanythingthathappenedtothemwasanintervention（干涉）byadivine（神的）power.Now,however,fewcultureswouldbelievetheoutcomeofsuchaninsignificanteventasthrowingupacointobedivineintervention.

Manyeventsoflifearebasicallyeventsofrandomchance.Letuslookatoneexample.YoumightbewalkinginPrague,andapickpocketstealsyourwallet.Herearesomedifferentexplanationsonecouldgivetosuchamisfortune.

1.TheFatalistic（宿命论）one,popularinArabiccountries,wouldbethatthetheftwasmerelyyourfate,andcouldnotbeavoided.Ioftenthink“fate”istherealizationthatmanythingsinlifearemerelyrandomchanceevents.Itissenselesstoworrythatyoudidanythingtocausethisevent.Itjusthappenedthatapickpocketjusthappenedtobenearyou,andyourwalletwastheclosestoneforhimtosteal.Icannothidemybias（偏见）:

Ithinkthisisprobablythehealthiestexplanationofrandomchanceevents.

2.Inprimitive（原始的）culturesorregionswherecertainreligionscommonlyexisted,theexplanationmightbethatitwasGod’swillforyourwallettobestolen.Godwaspunishingyouforamisdeed,ortryingtoteachyouacentraltruthbylettingyoulosethismoney.

3.AndlastlythereistheexplanationIfindincreasinglycommoninWesternsocieties.Anymisfortunemaybeexplainedbyalackofprecautions（预防措施）.Aninterventiononsomeone’spart（usuallythegovernment’s）couldhavepreventedthetheft.Forexample,youshouldnothavewalkedincertainstreets;youshouldhavebeenmorewatchful.Orthegovernmentshouldhaveemployedmorepolicemen,orimprisonedmorecriminals.Misfortunesarenotcausedbyrandomchance,butbyincompletecareorcontrol.

Thislatterexplanationisbeingacceptedincreasinglyeveryday.Onereasonmustbethatitcomfortspeopletorationalize（使…有合理依据）theirmisfortunes,especiallyifitmakesthemseemblameless.（“Iftherewerejustmorepolicemen,mywalletwouldnothavebeenstolen.”）Ifindthislastexplanationamusinginonesense,andextremelyharmfulinanother.Ifwecannotacceptbadthingseverhappeningtous,wemustbewillingtoacceptanunlimitedexpansionoflawsandgovernmentinterventioninourlives

1.Accordingtotheauthor__________

A.ifyouwanttoknowtheresultofsomethingyouplantodo,thethrowingupofacoinwillbeofgreathelp

B.whetherthecoinlandsononesideortheother,it’sGod’swill

C.thewaythatacoinisthrownupdecideswhichsideitwillland

D.whicheversideacoinwilllanddoesn’taffecttheresultofthethingoneplanstodo

2.Ifsomeonebrokeintoyourhouseandtookawayallthevaluablethings,thewritermostprobablyagreeswiththeideathat__________

A.it’sbecauseyouhavedonesomethingwrongandsoyouarepunishedforthat

B.it’sjustsomethingthatyoucan’tavoid

C.thegovernmentistoblameforthat

D.youarenotcarefulenoughtopreventitfromhappening

3.Moreandmorepeopleacceptthethirdexplanationbecause__________

A.peoplefeelcomfortabletothinkso

B.itistrueofthefact

C.thegovernmenthasn’temployedenoughpolicemen

D.infact,thegovernmentdoesn’twarnpeopleagainsttheftinpublicplaces

4.Thewriterwrotethisarticletotellus_________

A.peopleofdifferentcultureshavedifferentattitudestowardsacertaineventthathappenstooraroundthem

B.peopleshouldholdscientificattitudetowardseventsthathappentooraroundthem

C.manyeventsjusthappenwithoutanyreasons

D.whichofthethreeexplanationsismorereasonable

5.Thewritersays“Ifindthislastexplanationamusinginonesense,andextremelyharmfulinanother”probablybecauseifthisexplanationisaccepted__________

A.peoplewillnotbeabletowalkincertainstreets

B.therewillbetoomanylawsandpeoplewilllosemuchoftheirfreedom

C.therewillbetoomanypolicemeninthestreetsorotherpublicplaces

D.therewillbetoomanycriminalsinprison

2

Theproducersofinstantcoffeefoundtheirproductstronglyresistedinthemarketplacesdespitetheirproduct’smanifestadvantages.Furthermore,theadvertisingexpenditureforinstantcoffeewasfargreaterthanthatforregularcoffee.Effortsweremadetofindthecauseoftheconsumers’seeminglyunreasonableresistancetotheproduct.Thereasongivenbymostpeoplewasdislikeforthetaste.Theproducerssuspectedthattheremightbedeeperreasons,however.Thiswasconfirmedbyoneofmotivationresearch’sclassicstudies,oneoftencitedinthetrade.MasonHaireoftheUniversityofCaliforniaconstructedtwoshoppingliststhatwereidenticalexceptforoneitem.Thereweresixitemscommontobothlists:

hamburger,carrots,bread,bakingpowder,cannedpeaches,andpotatoes,withthebrandsoramountsspecified.Theseventhitem,infifthplaceonbothlists,read”11b.MaxwellHousecoffee”ononelistand“Nescafeinstantcoffee”ontheother.Onelistwasgiventoeachoneisagroupoffiftywomen,andtheotherlisttothoseinanothergroupofthesamesize.Thewomenwereaskedtostudytheirlistsandthentodescribe,asfarastheycould,thekindofwoman（personalityandcharacter）whowoulddrawupthatshoppinglist.Nearlyhalfofthosewhohadreceivedthelistincludinginstantcoffeedescribedahousewifewhowaslazyandapoorplanner.Ontheotherhand,onlyonewomanintheothergroupdescribedthehousewife,whohadincludedregularcoffeeonherlist,aslazy;onlysixofthatgroupsuggestedthatshewasapoorplanner.Eightwomenfeltthattheinstant-coffeeuserwasprobablenotagoodwife!

Nooneintheothergroupdrewsuchaconclusionaboutthehousewifewhointendedtobuyregularcoffee.

1.ThepurposeofthestudymadebyMasonHairewastofindout__________.

A.whypeoplewouldnotbuyinstantcoffee

B.whyinstantcoffeedidnottastegood

C.whywomendidn’tliketodrinkcoffee

D.whyregularcoffeewaspopular

2.Theresultoftheinvestigationshowedthat___________.

A.womenwhousedregularcoffeeweregoodplanners

B.mostofthewomeninvestigatedweregoodatreasoning

C.manywomenbelievedthatwiveswhousedinstantcoffeewerelazy

D.housewiveswhousedinstantcoffeewerelazy

3.Inthestudy,thewomanweresupposedtogivetheiropinionsabout_________.

A.whichwasbetter,instantcoffeeorregularcoffee

B.women’sattitudetowardsshopping

C.thenecessityofmakingsuchashoppinglist

D.thepersonalityofawomanwhowouldpreparesuchalist

4.Judgingbytheresultofthestudymanywomenwerenotinterestedininstantcoffeebecause________.

A.theydidn’ttrustadvertisements

B.instantcoffeewasnotsuitedtotheirtaste

C.theywantedtoshowthattheywereintelligent

D.subconsciously,theyhadasenseofshameaboutusinginstantcoffee

5.Accordingtothepassage,whichofthefollowingstatementsistrue?

A.Muchmoremoneywasspentbytheproducersinpromotingthesaleofinstantcoffee.

B.MaxwellHousecoffeewassuperiortoNescafeinstantcoffeeinquality.

C.Theconsumersdislikeofinstantcoffeewasunreasonable.

D.Instantcoffeehadnoobviousadvantage.

3

SomeofthebestAmericancompaniestodayhaveturnedthemselvesupsidedown.They’vefoundtheoldtop-downpyramidstylemanagementformdoesn’twork.Sothey’veturnedthepyramidover,givingemployeesmoresayinwhatgoeson.Anditworks,asprovedinimprovedsalesandearnings.

Interestedininverting（倒置）thepyramidinyouroperation?

Herearesometips:

Challengeemployeestocomeupwiththeirownbetterwaystodotheirjobs,youmaybesurprisedathowvaluablesomeoftheirsuggestionsare.

Collectideasfromeveryone,notjustthosewhohaveadirectconnectionwiththejob.Sometimesgoodideascomefromunlikelysources.

Treatemployeeswithhonestyandrespect.Don’torderthemiftheyarenotgoingtohavetheirideasenacted.Explainthereasonsthatunderlineadecisionorpolicy.

Spreadauthorityaround.Ifthelargestpartofthepyramidistobeatthetop,thetoppeopleshouldhaveauthority.

Atonecarplantanyworkerwhoseesaproblemcanshutdownthewholeassemblyline（生产线）untiltheproblemissolved.Bygivingemployeesmorecontrollikethatovertheirworkenvironmentandmoreinvolvementinrunningtheirjobs,youtap（开发）avaluablesourceofideasandproductivity--andthatpaysoffforeveryone.

1.WhydidthebestAmericancompanieschangetheiroldmanagementstyleforanewone?

A.Togivemoreauthoritytoemployees.

B.Toshowtheirrespecttotheirworkers.

C.Toimproveproductionandsales.

D.Togivetheiremployeesmorechancestotalktoeachother.

2.Inthewriter’seyes,thenewmanagementstyleshould________.

A.forceworkerstofindoutmoreeffectivewaystodotheirwork

B.respecteveryworkerandgivethemenoughrightstosettleproblems

C.justasktopemployeesforsomeadvice

D.orderworkerstodosomeimportantjobs

3.Theunderlinedphrase“paysoff”inthelastparagraphmeans________

A.bringsgoodresults

B.payssomebodyhiswagesandfireshim

C.givessomebodysomemoneytopreventhimdoingsomething

D.paysinfull

4.Whycananyemployeeinacarfactoryshutdownthewholeassemblylinewhenhe/shefindsaproblem?

A.He/Shehast