外文翻译中英文对照.docx

外文翻译中英文对照.docx

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外文翻译中英文对照

ntroductiontoCivilEngineeringPapers

CivilEngineeringforthedevelopmentofakeyrole,firstasamaterialfoundationforthecivilengineeringconstructionmaterials,followedbythesubsequentdevelopmentofthedesigntheoryandconstructiontechnology.Everytimeanewqualityofbuildingmaterials,civilengineeringwillbealeap-styledevelopment.

Peoplecanonlyrelyontheearlyearth,woodandothernaturalmaterialsintheconstructionactivities,andlaterappearedinbrickandtilethatartificialmaterials,sothatthefirsthumantobreaktheshacklesofnaturalbuildingmaterials.ChinaintheeleventhcenturyBCintheearlyWesternZhouDynastycreatedthetile.ThefirstbrickinthefifthcenturyBCtothethirdcenturyBC,whenthetomboftheWarringStatesPeriod.Brickandtilebetterthanthemechanicalpropertiesofsoil,materials,andeasytomanufacture.

Thebrickandtilesothatpeoplebegantoappearwidely,toalargenumberofhousingconstructionandurbanfloodcontrolproject,andsoon.Thiscivilengineeringtechnologyhasbeenrapiddevelopment.Upto18tothe19thcentury,aslongastwothousandyears,brickandtilehasbeenamajorcivilengineeringconstructionmaterials,humancivilizationhasmadeagreatcontributiontotheevenwasalsowidelyusedinthepresent.

Theapplicationofalargenumberofsteelproductsisthesecondleapincivilengineering.Seventeen1970stheuseofpigiron,theearlynineteenthcentury,theuseofwroughtironbridgesandtheconstructionofhousing,whichisapreludetotheemergenceofsteel.

Fromthebeginningofthemid-nineteenthcentury,metallurgicalindustry,smeltingandrollingouthightensileandcompressivestrength,ductility,uniformityofthequalityofconstructionsteelandthenproducehigh-strengthsteelwire,steelcables.Asaresultoftheneedtoadapttothedevelopmentofthesteelstructurehavebeenflourishing.Inadditiontotheapplicationoftheoriginalbeam,archstructure,thenewtruss,aframework,thestructureofnetwork,cablestructurestopromotethegradualemergenceofthestructureofYanintheformofflowers.

Fromthebrickbuildinglong-spanstructures,stonestructures,afewmetersofwood,steelstructuretothedevelopmentoftensofmeters,afewhundredmeters,untilmodernkmabove.Sointheriver,crossthebridgefromshelves,onthegroundsincetheconstructionofskyscrapersandhigh-risetower,eveninthelayingofundergroundrailway,tocreateanunprecedentedmiracle.

Inordertomeettheneedsofthedevelopmentofsteelworks,onthebasisofNewton'smechanics,materialmechanics,structuralmechanics,structuralengineeringdesigntheorycameintobeing,andsoon.Constructionmachinery,constructiontechnologyandconstructionorganizationdesigntheoryalsodevelopment,civilengineeringfromtheexperienceofrisingtobecomescience,engineeringpracticeandtheoreticalbasisforbothisadifferentplace,whichledtomorerapiddevelopmentofcivilengineering.

Duringthenineteenthcentury,20,madeofPortlandcement,concretehascomeout.Concretecanaggregatematerials,easy-to-concretestructuresforming,butthetensilestrengthofconcreteisverysmall,limiteduse.Bythemiddleofthenineteenthcentury,thesurgeinsteelproduction,withtheemergenceofthisnewtypeofreinforcedconcretecompositeconstructionmaterials,whichbearthetensionsteel,concretebearthepressureandplaytheirownadvantages.Sincethebeginningofthe20thcentury,reinforcedconcreteiswidelyusedinvariousfieldsofcivilengineering.

Fromthebeginningofthe1930s,therehavebeenpre-stressedconcrete.Pre-stressedconcretestructureofthecrackresistance,rigidityandcarryingcapacity,muchhigherthanthereinforcedconcretestructure,whichusesanevenwiderarea.CivilEngineeringintothereinforcedconcreteandprestressedconcretedominanthistoricalperiod.Concretebuildingstobringabouttheemergenceofneweconomic,aestheticstructureintheformofengineering,civilengineeringsothatanewconstructiontechnologyandengineeringdesignofthestructureofthetheory.Thisisanotherleapinthedevelopmentofcivilengineering.

Aprojecttobuildthefacilitiesingeneraltogothroughtheinvestigation,designandconstructioninthreestages,requiretheuseofgeologicalprospectingprojects,hydro-geologicalsurvey,engineeringsurvey,soilmechanics,mechanicalengineering,engineeringdesign,buildingmaterials,constructionequipment,engineeringmachinery,buildingtheeconomy,Andotherdisciplinesandconstructiontechnology,constructionandotherfieldsofknowledge,aswellascomputerandmechanicaltestingtechniques.Civilengineeringisthereforeabroadrangeofintegrateddisciplines.Withtheprogressinscienceandtechnologydevelopmentandengineeringpractice,thecivilengineeringdisciplineshavealsobeendevelopedintoabroadconnotation,thenumberofcategories,thestructureofcomplexintegratedsystem.

CivilEngineeringisaccompaniedbythedevelopmentofhumansocietydeveloped.Itworksintheconstructionoffacilitiesreflectthevarioushistoricalperiodsofsocio-economic,cultural,scientific,technologicaldevelopmentoutlook,whichcivilsocietyhasbecomeoneofthehistoricaldevelopmentofthewitness.

Inancienttimes,peoplebegantobuildsimplehouses,roads,bridgesandstillwaterchanneltomeetthesimplelifeandproduction.Later,inordertoadapttothewar,productionanddisseminationofreligiouslife,aswellastheneedsoftheconstructionofthecity,canals,palaces,templesandotherbuildings.

Manywell-knownworksshowninthishistoricalperiodofhumancreativity.Forexample,theGreatWallofChina,Dujiangyan,theGrandCanal,ZhaozhouBridge,YingxianWoodenTower,thepyramidsofEgypt,Greece'sParthenon,Rome'swatersupplyproject,colosseumamphitheater（RomelargeanimalfightingField）,aswellasmanyotherwell-knownchurches,palacesandsoon.

Aftertheindustrialrevolution,especiallyinthe20thcentury,ontheonehand,civilsocietytoputforwardanewdemand;Ontheotherhand,allareasofsocietyfortheadvancementofcivilengineeringtocreategoodconditions.Thusthisperiodofcivilengineeringhasbeenadvancedbyleapsandbounds.Allovertheworldtherehavebeenlarge-scalemodernizationofindustrialplants,skyscrapers,nuclearpowerplants,highwaysandrailways,long-spanbridges,andlarge-diameterpipelineslongtunnel,theGrandCanal,thebigdams,airports,portandmarineengineering,etc..Forcivilengineeringcontinuallymodernhumansocietytocreateanewphysicalenvironment,humansociety,moderncivilizationhasbecomeanimportantpart.

CivilEngineeringisaverypracticalsubjects.Intheearlydays,throughthecivilengineeringpractice,summingupsuccessfulexperience,inparticular,todrawlessonsfromthefailureofdeveloped.Fromthebeginningofthe17thcentury,withGalileoandNewtonasapilotwiththemechanicsofthemoderncivilengineeringpractice,graduallyformedthemechanical,structuralmechanics,fluidmechanics,rockmechanics,civilengineeringasthebasisoftheoreticalsubjects.Thisexperienceincivilengineeringfromthegraduallydevelopedintoascience.

Inthecourseofthedevelopmentofcivilengineering,engineeringpracticeoftenfirstexperienceintheory,engineeringaccidentsoftenshowanewunforeseenfactors,triggeringanewtheoryoftheresearchanddevelopment.Sofaranumberofprojectsdealingwiththeproblem,isstillverymuchrelyonpracticalexperience.

CivilEngineeringTechnologywiththemainreasonforthedevelopmentofengineeringpracticeandnotbyvirtueofscientificexperimentsandtheoreticalstudies,fortworeasons:

First,someoftheobjectivesituationistoocomplicatedanddifficulttofaithfullycarryoutlaboratoryorfieldtestingandanalysis.Forexample,thefoundation,tunnelandundergroundengineeringanddeformationofthestateanditschangesovertime,stillneedtorefertoananalysisofengineeringexperiencetojudge.Second,onlyanewengineeringpracticeinordertorevealnewproblems.Forexample,theconstructionofahigh-risebuildings,high-risetowerandmast-spanbridges,windandearthquakeengineeringproblemshighlightedinordertodevelopthisnewtheoryandtechnology.

Inthelong-termcivilengineeringpractice,itisnotonlybuildinggreatattentiontothearts,hasmadeoutstandingachievements;andotherworks,butalsothroughthechoiceofdifferentmaterials,suchastheuseofstone,steelandreinforcedconcrete,withnaturalEnvironmentalartintheconstructionofanumberofverybeautiful,veryfunctionalandgoodworks.AncientGreatWallofChina,themodernworld,manyofthetelevisiontowerandthebridgerampZhang,arecasesinpoint.

翻译：

土木工程概论论文

对土木工程的发展起关键作用的，首先是作为工程物质基础的土木建筑材料，其次是随之发展起来的设计理论和施工技术。

每当出现新的优良的建筑材料时，土木工程就会有飞跃式的发展。

人们在早期只能依靠泥土、木料及其它天然材料从事营造活动，后来出现了砖和瓦这种人工建筑材料，使人类第一次冲破了天然建筑材料的束缚。

中国在公元前十一世纪的西周初期制造出瓦。

最早的砖出现在公元前五世纪至公元前三世纪战国时的墓室中。

砖和瓦具有比土更优越的力学性能，可以就地取材，而又易于加工制作。

砖和瓦的出现使人们开始广泛地、大量地修建房屋和城防工程等。

由此土木工程技术得到了飞速的发展。

直至18～19世纪，在长达两千多年时间里，砖和瓦一直是土木工程的重要建筑材料，为人类文明作出了伟大的贡献，甚至在目前还被广泛采用。

钢材的大量应用是土木工程的第二次飞跃。

十七世纪70年代开始使用生铁、十九世纪初开始使用熟铁建造桥梁和房屋，这是钢结构出现的前奏。

从十九世纪中叶开始，冶金业冶炼并轧制出抗拉和抗压强度都很高、延性好、质量均匀的建筑钢材，随后又生产出高强度钢丝、钢索。

于是适应发展需要的钢结构得到蓬勃发展。

除应用原有的粱、拱结构外，新兴的桁架、框架、网架结构、悬索结构逐渐推广，出现了结构形式百花争艳的局面。

建筑物跨径从砖结构、石结构、木结构的几米、几十米发展到钢结构的百米、几百米，直到现代的千米以上。

于是在大江、海峡上架起大桥，在地面上建造起摩天大楼和高耸铁塔，甚至在地面下铺设铁路，创造出前所未有的奇迹。

为适应钢结构工程发展的需要，在牛顿力学的基础上，材料力学、结构力学、工程结构设计理论等就应运而生。

施工机械、施工技术和施工组织设计的理论也随之发展，土木工程从经验上升成为科学，在工程实践和基础理论方面都面貌一新，从而促成了土木工程更迅速的发展。

十九世纪20年代，波特兰水泥制成后，混凝土问世了。

混凝土骨料可以就地取材，混凝土构件易于成型，但混凝土的抗拉强度很小，用途受到限制。

十九世纪中叶以后，钢铁产量激增，随之出现了钢筋混凝土这