考研英语真题.docx

考研英语真题.docx

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考研英语真题

2009年全国硕士研究生招生考试英语

（一）试题

SectionIUseofEnglish

Directions:

Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestword（s）foreachnumberedblankandmarkA,B,CorDonANSWERSHEET1.（10points）

Researchonanimalintelligencealwaysmakesuswonderjusthowsmarthumansare. 1 thefruit-flyexperimentsdescribedbyCarlZimmerinthe ScienceTimes.Fruitflieswhoweretaughttobesmarterthantheaveragefruitfly 2 toliveshorterlives.Thissuggeststhat 3 bulbsburnlonger,thatthereisa（n） 4 in notbeingtoobright.

Intelligence,it 5 ,isahigh-pricedoption.Ittakesmoreupkeep,burnsmorefuelandisslow 6 thestartinglinebecauseitdependsonlearning—a（n） 7 process—insteadofinstinct.Plentyofotherspeciesareabletolearn,andoneofthethingsthey’veapparentlylearnediswhento 8 .

Isthereanadaptivevalueto9 intelligence?

That’sthequestionbehindthisnewresearch.Insteadofcastingawistfulglance 10 atallthespecieswe’veleftinthedustI.Q.-wise,itimplicitlyaskswhatthereal 11 ofourownintelligencemightbe.Thisis 12 themindofeveryanimalwe’veevermet.

Researchonanimalintelligencealsomakesuswonderwhatexperimentsanimalswould 13 onhumansiftheyhadthechance.Everycatwithanowner, 14 ,isrunningasmall-scalestudyinoperantconditioning.Webelievethat 15 animalsranthelabs,theywouldtestusto 16 thelimitsofourpatience,ourfaithfulness,ourmemoryforlocations.Theywouldtrytodecidewhatintelligenceinhumansisreally 17 ,notmerelyhowmuchofitthereis. 18 ,theywouldhopetostudya（n） 19 question:

Arehumansactuallyawareoftheworldtheylivein?

 20 theresultsareinconclusive.

1.[A]Suppose[B]Consider[C]Observe[D]Imagine

2.[A]tended[B]feared[C]happened[D]threatened

3.[A]thinner[B]stabler[C]lighter[D]dimmer

4.[A]tendency[B]advantage[C]inclination[D]priority

5.[A]insistson[B]sumsup[C]turnsout[D]putsforward

6.[A]off[B]behind[C]over[D]along

7.[A]incredible[B]spontaneous[C]inevitable[D]gradual

8.[A]fight[B]doubt[C]stop[D]think

9.[A]invisible[B]limited[C]indefinite[D]different

10.[A]upward[B]forward[C]afterward[D]backward

11.[A]features[B]influences[C]results[D]costs

12.[A]outside[B]on[C]by[D]across

13.[A]deliver[B]carry[C]perform[D]apply

14.[A]bychance[B]incontrast[C]asusual[D]forinstance

15.[A]if[B]unless[C]as[D]lest

16.[A]moderate[B]overcome[C]determine[D]reach

17.[A]at[B]for[C]after[D]with

18.[A]Aboveall[B]Afterall[C]However[D]Otherwise

19.[A]fundamental[B]comprehensive[C]equivalent[D]hostile

20.[A]Byaccident[B]Intime[C]Sofar[D]Betterstill

SectionIIReadingComprehension

PartA

Directions:

Readthefollowingfourtexts.Answerthequestionsbeloweachtextbychoosing[A],[B],[C]or[D].MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.（40points）

Text1

Habitsareafunnything.Wereachforthemmindlessly,settingourbrainsonauto-pilotandrelaxingintotheunconsciouscomfortoffamiliarroutine.“Notchoice,buthabitrulestheunreflectingherd,”WilliamWordsworthsaidinthe19thcentury.Intheever-changing21stcentury,eventheword“habit”carriesanegativeconnotation.

Soitseemsparadoxicaltotalkabouthabitsinthesamecontextascreativityandinnovation.Butbrainresearchershavediscoveredthatwhenweconsciouslydevelopnewhabits,wecreateparallelpaths,andevenentirelynewbraincells,thatcanjumpourtrainsofthoughtontonew,innovativetracks.

Ratherthandismissingourselvesasunchangeablecreaturesofhabit,wecaninsteaddirectourownchangebyconsciouslydevelopingnewhabits.Infact,themorenewthingswetry — themorewestepoutsideourcomfortzone — themoreinherentlycreativewebecome,bothintheworkplaceandinourpersonallives.

Butdon’tbothertryingtokilloffoldhabits;oncethose ruts ofprocedurearewornintothebrain,they’retheretostay.Instead,thenewhabitswedeliberatelypressintoourselvescreateparallelpathwaysthatcanbypassthoseoldroads.

“Thefirstthingneededforinnovationisafascinationwithwonder,”saysDawnaMarkova,authorof TheOpenMind.“Butwearetaughtinsteadto‘decide,’justasourpresidentcallshimself‘theDecider.’”Sheadds,however,that“todecideistokilloffallpossibilitiesbutone.Agoodinnovationalthinkerisalwaysexploringthemanyotherpossibilities.”

Allofusworkthroughproblemsinwaysofwhichwe’reunaware,shesays.Researchersinthelate1960discoveredthathumansarebornwiththecapacitytoapproachchallengesinfourprimaryways:

analytically,procedurally,relationally（orcollaboratively）andinnovatively.Attheendofadolescence,however,thebrainshutsdownhalfofthatcapacity,preservingonlythosemodesofthoughtthathaveseemedmostvaluableduringthefirstdecadeorsooflife.

Thecurrentemphasisonstandardizedtestinghighlightsanalysisandprocedure,meaningthatfewofusinherentlyuseourinnovativeandcollaborativemodesofthought.“ThisbreaksthemajorruleintheAmericanbeliefsystem—thatanyonecandoanything,”explainsM.J.Ryan,authorofthe2006book ThisYearIWill... andMs.Markova’sbusinesspartner.“That’saliethatwehaveperpetuated,anditfosterscommonness.Knowingwhatyou’regoodatanddoingevenmoreofitcreatesexcellence.”Thisiswheredevelopingnewhabitscomesin.

21.InWordsworth’sview,“habits”ischaracterizedbybeing.

[A]casual

[B]familiar

[C]mechanical

[D]changeable.

22.Brainresearchershavediscoveredthattheformationofhabitcanbe.

[A]predicted

[B]regulated

[C]traced

[D]guided

23.“ruts”（Line1,Paragraph4）isclosestinmeaningto.

[A]tracks

[B]series

[C]characteristics

[D]connections

24.DawnaMarkovawouldmostprobablyagreethat.

[A]ideasarebornofarelaxingmind

[B]innovativenesscouldbetaught

[C]decisivenessderivesfromfantasticideas

[D]curiosityactivatescreativeminds

25.Ryan’scommentssuggestthatthepracticeofstandardizedtesting

[A]preventsnewhabitsfrombeingformed

[B]nolongeremphasizescommonness

[C]maintainstheinherentAmericanthinkingmodel

[D]complieswiththeAmericanbeliefsystem

Text2

Itisawisefatherthatknowshisownchild,buttodayamancanboosthispaternal（fatherly）wisdom — oratleastconfirmthathe’sthekid’sdad.Allheneedstodoisshellout$30forpaternitytestingkit（PTK）athislocaldrugstore — andanother$120togettheresults.

Morethan60,000peoplehavepurchasedthePTKssincethey

firstbecomeavailablewithoutprescriptionslastyears,accordingtoDougFogg,chiefoperatingofficerofIdentigene,whichmakestheover-the-counterkits.MorethantwodozencompaniessellDNAtestsdirectlytothepublic,ranginginpricefromafewhundreddollarstomorethan$2500.

Amongthemostpopular:

paternityandkinshiptesting,whichadoptedchildrencanusetofindtheirbiologicalrelativesandfamiliescanusetotrackdownkidsputupforadoption.DNAtestingisalsothelatestrageamongpassionategenealogists — andsupportsbusinessesthatoffertosearchforafamily’sgeographicroots.

Mosttestsrequirecollectingcellsbyswabbingsalivainthemouthandsendingittothecompanyfortesting.AlltestsrequireapotentialcandidatewithwhomtocompareDNA.

Butsomeobserversareskeptical.“Thereisakindoffalseprecisionbeinghawkedbypeopleclaimingtheyaredoingancestrytesting,”saysTroyDuster,aNewYorkUniversitysociologist.Henotesthateachindividualhasmanyancestors — numberinginthehundredsjustafewcenturiesback.Yetmostancestrytestingonlyconsidersasinglelineage,eithertheYchromosomeinheritedthroughmeninafather’slineormitochondrialDNA,whichispasseddownonlyfrommothers.ThisDNAcanrevealgeneticinformationaboutonlyoneortwoancestors,eventhough,forexample,justthreegenerationsbackpeoplealsohavesixothergreat-grandparentsor,fourgenerationsback,14othergreat-great-grandparents.

Criticsalsoarguethatcommercialgenetictestingisonlyasgoodasthereferencecollectionstowhichasampleiscompared.Databasesusedbysomecompaniesdon’trelyondatacollectedsystematicallybutratherlumptogetherinformationfromdifferentresearchprojects.ThismeansthataDNAdatabasemayhavealotofdatafromsomeregionsandnotothers,soaperson’stestresultsmaydifferdependingonthecompanythatprocessestheresults.Inaddition,thecomputerprogramsacompanyusestoestimaterelationshipsmaybepatentedandnotsubjecttopeerrevieworoutsideevaluation.

26.Inparagraphs1and2,thetextshowsPTK’s_________.

[A]easyavailability

[B]flexibilityinpricing

[C]successfulpromotion

[D]popularitywithhouseholds

27.PTKisusedto________.

[A]locateone’sbirthplace

[B]promotegeneticresearch

[C]identifyparent-childkinship

[D]choosechildrenforadoption

28.Skepticalobserversbelievethatancestrytestingfailsto________.

[A]tracedistantancestors

[B]rebuildreliablebloodlines

[C]fullyusegeneticinformation

[D]achievetheclaimedaccuracy

29.Inthelastparagraph,aproblemcommercialgenetictestingfacesis________.

[A]disorganizeddatacollection

[B]overlappingdatabasebuilding

[C]excessivesamplecomparison

[D]lackofpatentevaluation

30.Anappropriatetitleforthetextismostlikelytobe________.

[A]ForsandAgainstsofDNATesting

[B]DNATestingandItsProblems

[C]DNATestingOutsidetheLab

[D]LiesBehindDNATesting

Text3

Therelationshipbetweenformaleducationandeconomicgrowthinpoorcountriesiswidelymisunderstoodbyeconomistsandpoliticiansalike.Progressinbotharea