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考研英语一真题及参考答案考研英语一真题
2021考研英语一真题及参考答案2021考研英语一真题
Section
IUseofEnglishDirections:
Readthefollowingtext.Choose
thebestword（s）foreachnumberedblankandmarkA,B,CorDontheANSWERSHEET.（10
points）Today,weliveinaworldwhereGPSsystems,digitalmaps,andothernavigationappsareallavailableonoursmartphones.
1ofusjustwalkstraightintothewoodswithoutaphone.But
phones
2onbatteries,andbatteriescandiefasterthanwerealize.
3yougetlostwithoutaphoneorapass,andyou4can’tfindnorth,afewtricksmayhelpyounavigate5tocivilization,oneofwhichistofollowtheland.
Whenyoufindyourself6atrail,butnotinapletely7areaofland,youhavetoanswertwoquestions:
Which8isdownhill,inthisparticulararea?
Andwhereisthenearestwatersource?
Humansoverwhelminglyliveinvalleys,andonsuppliesoffreshwater.
9,ifyouheaddownhill,andfollowanyH2Oyoufind,youshould
10seesignsofpeople.
Ifyou’veexploredtheareabefore,keepaneyeoutforfamiliarsights–youmaybe
11howquicklyidentifyingadistinctiverockortreecanrestoreyourbearings.
Another
12:
Climbhighandlookforsignsofhumanhabitation.
13,evenindenseforest,youshouldbeableto
14gapsinthetreelineduetoroads,traintracks,andotherpathspeoplecarve
15thewoods.Head
towardthese
16tofindawayout.At
night,scanthehorizonfor
17lightsources,suchasfiresandstreetlights,thenwalktowardtheglowoflightpollution.
18,assumingyou’relostinanareahumanstendtofrequent,lookforthe
19weleaveonthelandscape.Trail
blazes,tiretracks,andotherfeaturescan
20youtocivilization.
1.A.
FewB.Most
C.Some
D.All
2.A.
putB.takeC.
runD.e
3.A.
SinceB.Until
C.ThoughD.
If4.A.
formallyB.literally
C.gradually
D.relatively
5.A.
aroundB.away
C.back
D.next
6.A.
ontoB.along
C.across
D.off
7.A.
unattractiveB.unfamiliar
C.unchanged
D.uncrowded
8.A.
wayB.point
C.site
D.place
9.A.
InsteadB.Yet
C.So
D.Besides
10.A.
immediatelyB.eventually
C.unexpectedly
D.intentionally
11.A.
frightenedB.annoyed
C.surprised
D.confused
12.A.
problemB.result
C.view
D.option
13.A.
AboveallB.For
exleC.On
averageD.In
contrast
14.A.
spotB.avoid
C.bridge
D.separate
15.A.
fromB.under
C.beyond
D.through
16.A.
postsB.breaks
C.shades
D.links
17.A.
hiddenB.mysterious
C.artificial
D.limited
18.A.
FinallyB.Consequently
C.Incidentally
D.Generally
19.A.
memoriesB.belongings
C.notes
D.marks
20.A.
leadB.adapt
C.restrict
D.expose
SectionIIReadingprehensionPartADirections:
Readthefollowingfourtexts.Answer
thequestionsaftereachtextbychoosingA,B,CorD.Mark
youranswersontheANSWERSHEET.（40
points）Text
1FinancialregulatorsinBritainhaveimposedaratherunusualruleonthebossesofbigbanks.Starting
nextyear,anyguaranteedbonusoftopexecutivescouldbedelayed
10yearsiftheirbanksareunderinvestigationforwrongdoing.The
mainpurposeofthis“clawback”ruleistoholdbankersaccountableforharmfulrisk-takingandtorestorepublictrustinfinancialinstitutions.Yet
officialsalsohopeforamuchlargerbenefit:
morelong-termdecision-making,notonlybybanksbutbyallcorporations,tobuildastrongereconomyforfuturegenerations.
“Short-termism,”orthedesireforquickprofits,hasworsenedinpubliclytradedpanies,saystheBankofEngland’stopeconomist,AndrewHaldane.He
esagiantofclassicaleconomics,AlfredMarshall,indescribingthisfinancialimpatienceasactinglike“childrenwhopicktheplumsoutoftheirpuddingtoeatthematonce”ratherthanputtingthemasidetobeeatenlast.
TheaveragetimeforholdingastockinboththeUnitedStatesandBritain,henotes,hasdroppedfromsevenyearstosevenmonthsinrecentdecades.Transient
investors,whodemandhighquarterlyprofitsfrompanies,canhinderafirm’seffortstoinvestinlong-termresearchortobuildupcustomerloyalty.This
hasbeendubbed“quarterlycapitalism.”Inaddition,newdigitaltechnologieshaveallowedmorerapidtradingofequities,quickeruseofinformation,andthusshorterattentionspansinfinancialmarkets.“There
seemstobeapredominanceofshort-termthinkingattheexpenseoflong-terminvesting,”saidmissionerDanielGallagheroftheUSSecuritiesandExchangemissioninaspeechthisweek.
IntheUS,theSarbanes-OxleyActof
2002haspushedmostpublicpaniestodeferperformancebonusesforseniorexecutivesbyaboutayear,slightlyhelpingreduce“short-termism.”InitslatestsurveyofCEOpay,TheWallStreetJournalfindsthat“asubstantialpart”ofexecutivepayisnowtiedtoperformance.
Muchmorecouldbedonetoencourage“long-termism,”suchaschangesinthetaxcodeandquickerdisclosureofstockacquisitions.In
France,shareholderswhoholdontoapanyinvestmentforatleasttwoyearscansometimesearnmorevotingrightsinapany.
Withinpanies,therightpensationdesigncanprovideincentivesforexecutivestothinkbeyondtheirowntimeatthepanyandonbehalfofallstakeholders.Britain’s
newruleisaremindertobankersthatsocietyhasaninterestintheirperformance,notjustfortheshorttermbutforthelongterm.
21.According
toParagraph
1,onemotiveinimposingthenewruleistoA.guarantee
thebonusesoftopexecutives.
B.enhance
bankers’senseofresponsibility.
C.build
anewsystemoffinancialregulation.
D.help
corporationsachievelargerprofits.22.
AlfredMarshallisedtoindicateA.the
solidstructureofpubliclytradedpanies.
B.governments’
impatienceindecision-making.
C.the
conditionsforgeneratingquickprofits.
D.“short-termism”
ineconomicactivities.23.
ItisarguedthattheinfluenceoftransientinvestmentonpublicpaniescanbeA.minimal.
B.indirect.
C.adverse.
D.temporary.
24.The
USandFranceexlesareusedtoillustrateA.the
approachestopromoting“long-termism.”B.the
prevalenceofshort-termthinking.
C.the
significanceoflong-termthinking.
D.the
obstaclestopreventing“short-termism.”
25.Which
ofthefollowingwouldbethebesttitleforthetext?
A.Decisiveness
RequiredofTopExecutivesB.Failure
ofQuarterlyCapitalismC.Patience
asaCorporateVirtueD.Frustration
ofRisk-takingBankersText
2Gradeinflation–thegradualincreaseinaverageGPAs（grade-pointaverages）overthepastfewdecades–isoftenconsideredaproductofaconsumererainhighereducation,inwhichstudentsaretreatedlikecustomerstobepleased.But
another,relatedforce–apolicyoftenburieddeepincoursecatalogscalled“gradeforgiveness”–ishelpingraiseGPAs.
Gradeforgivenessallowsstudentstoretakeacourseinwhichtheyreceivedalowgrade,andthemostrecentgradeorthehighestgradeistheonlyonethatcountsincalculatingastudent’soverallGPA.
Theuseofthislittle-knownpracticehasacceleratedinrecentyears,ascollegescontinuetodotheirutmosttokeepstudentsinschool（andpayingtuition）andimprovetheirgraduationrates.When
thispracticefirststarteddecadesago,itwasusuallylimitedtofreshmen,togivethemasecondchancetotakeaclassintheirfirstyeariftheystruggledintheirtransitiontocollege-levelcourses.But
nowmostcolleges,saveformanyselectivecuses,allowallundergraduates,andevengraduatestudents,togettheirlowgradesforgiven.
Collegeofficialstendtoemphasizethatthegoalofgradeforgivenessislessaboutthegradeitselfandmoreaboutencouragingstudentstoretakecoursescriticaltotheirdegreeprogramandgraduationwithoutincurringabigpenalty.“Ultimately,”
saidJackMiner,OhioStateUniversity’sregistrar,“weseestudentsachievemoresuccessbecausetheyretakeacourseanddobetterinsubsequentcoursesormasterthecontentthatallowsthemtograduateontime.”Thatsaid,thereisawayinwhichgradeforgivenesssatisfiescolleges’ownneedsaswell.For
publicinstitutions,statefundsaresometimestiedpartlytotheirsuccessonmetricssuchasgraduationratesandstudentretention–sobettergradescan,byboostingfigureslikethose,meanmoremoney.And
anythingthatraisesGPAswilllikelymakestudents–who,attheendoftheday,arepayingthebill–feelthey’vegottenabettervaluefortheirtuitiondollars,whichisanotherbigconcernforcolleges.
Indeed,gradeforgivenessisjustanotherwaythatuniversitiesarerespondingtoconsumers’expectationsforhighereducation.Since
studentsandparentsexpectacollegedegreetoleadtoajob,itisinthebestinterestofaschooltoturnoutgraduateswhoareasqualifiedaspossible–oratleastappeartobe.On
this,students’andcolleges’incentivesseemtobealigned.
26.What
ismonlyregardedasthecauseofgradeinflation?
A.Colleges’
neglectofGPAs.
B.The
influenceofconsumerculture.
C.Students’
indifferencetoGPAs.
D.The
changeofcoursecatalogs.27.
Whatwastheoriginalpurposeofgradeforgiveness?
A.To
maintaincolleges’graduationrates.
B.To
increaseuniversities’inefromtuition.
C.To
preparegraduatesforachallengingfuture.
D.To
helpfreshmenadapttocollegelearning.28.
AccordingtoParagraph5,gradeforgivenessenablescollegestoA.obtain
morefinancialsupport.
B.improve
theirteachingquality.
C.boost
theirstudentenrollments.
D.meet
localgovernments’needs.29.
Whatdoesthephrase“tobealigned”（Line5,Para.6）
mostprobablymean?
A.To
counterbalanceeachother.
B.To
becontradictorytoeachother.
C.To
beidenticalwitheachother.
D.To
plementeachother.30.
Theauthorexaminesthepracticeofgradeforgivenessby
A.assessing
itsfeasibility.
B.listing
itslong-runeffects.
C.paring
differentviewsonit.
D.analyzing
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