全国硕士研究生入学测试英语考题和参考答案下.docx

全国硕士研究生入学测试英语考题和参考答案下.docx

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全国硕士研究生入学测试英语考题和参考答案下

2003全国硕士研究生入学测试英语考题和参考答案下

Text3　　Inrecentyears,railroadshavebeencombiningwitheachother,mergingsintossupersystems,causingheightenedconcernsaboutmonopoly.Asrecentlyas1995,thetopfourrailroadsaccountedforunder70percentofthetotalton-milesmovedbyrails.Nextyear,afteraseriesofmergersiscompleted,justfourrailroadswillcontrolwellover90percentofallthefreightmovedbymajorrailcarriers.　　Supportersofthenewsupersystemsarguethatthesemergerswillallowforsubstantialcostreductionsandbettercoordinatedservice.Anythreatofmonopoly,theyargue,isremovedbyfiercecompetitionfromtrucks.Butmanyshipperscomplainthatforheavybulkcommoditiestravelinglongdistances,suchascoal,chemicals,andgrain,truckingistoocostlyandtherailroadsthereforehavethembythethroat.　　Thevastconsolidationwithintherailindustrymeansthatmostshippersareservedbyonlyonerailcompany.Railroadstypicallychargesuch“captive”shippers20to30percentmorethantheydowhenanotherrailroadiscompetingforthebusiness.Shipperswhofeeltheyarebeingoverchargedhavetherighttoappealtothefederalgovernment’sSurfaceTransportationBoardforraterelief,buttheprocessisexpensive,timeconsuming,andwillworkonlyintrulyextremecases.　　Railroadsjustifyratediscriminationagainstcaptiveshippersonthegroundsthatinthelongrunitreduceseveryone’scost.Ifrailroadschargedallcustomersthesameaveragerate,theyargue,shipperswhohavetheoptionofswitchingtotrucksorotherformsoftransportationwoulddoso,leavingremainingcustomerstoshoulderthecostofkeepinguptheline.It’stheorytowhichmanyeconomistssubscribe,butinpracticeitoftenleavesrailroadsinthepositionofdeterminingwhichcompanieswillflourishandwhichwillfail.“Dowereallywantrailroadstobethearbitersofwhowinsandwholosesinthemarketplace?

”asksMartinBercovici,aWashingtonlawyerwhofrequentlyrepresentsshipper.　　Manycaptiveshippersalsoworrytheywillsoonbehiswitharoundofhugerateincreases.Therailroadindustryasawhole,despiteitsbrighteningfortuningfortunes.stilldoesnotearnenoughtocoverthecostofthecapitalitmustinvesttokeepupwithitssurgingtraffic.Yetrailroadscontinuetoborrowbillionstoacquireoneanother,withWallStreetcheeringthemon.Considerthe.2billionbidbyNorfolkSouthernandCSXtoacquireConrailthisyear.Conrail’snetrailwayoperatingincomein1996wasjustmillion,lessthanhalfofthecarryingcostsofthetransaction.Who’sgoingtopayfortherestofthebill?

Manycaptiveshippersfearthattheywill,asNorfolkSouthernandCSXincreasetheirgriponthemarket.　　51.Accordingtothosewhosupportmergersrailwaymonopolyisunlikelybecause　　A.costreductionisbasedoncompetition.　　B.servicescallforcross-tradecoordination.　　C.outsidecompetitorswillcontinuetoexist.　　D.shipperswillhavetherailwaybythethroat.　　52.Whatismanycaptiveshippers’attitudetowardstheconsolidationintherailindustry?

　　A.Indifferent.　　B.Supportive.　　C.Indignant.　　D.Apprehensive.　　53.Itcanbeinferredfromparagraph3that　　A.shipperswillbechargedlesswithoutarivalrailroad.　　B.therewillsoonbeonlyonerailroadcompanynationwide.　　C.overchargedshippersareunlikelytoappealforraterelief.　　D.agovernmentboardensuresfairplayinrailwaybusiness.　　54.Theword“arbiters”（line7,paragraph4）mostprobablyreferstothose　　A.whoworkascoordinators.　　B.whofunctionasjudges.　　C.whosupervisetransactions.　　D.whodeterminetheprice.　　55.Accordingtothetext,thecostincreaseintherailindustryismainlycausedby　　A.thecontinuingacquisition.　　B.thegrowingtraffic.　　C.thecheeringWallStreet.　　D.theshrinkingmarket.　　答案：

51—55　CCDBA　　Text4　　ItissaidthatinEnglanddeathispressing,inCanadainevitableandinCaliforniaoptionalSmallwonder.Americans’lifeexpectancyhasnearlydoubledoverthepastcentury.Failinghipscanbereplaced,clinicaldepressioncontrolled,cataractsremovedina30-minutssurgicalprocedure.SuchadvancesoffertheagingpopulationaqualityoflifethatwasunimaginablewhenIenteredmedicine50yearsago.Butnotevenagreathealth-caresystemcancuredeath-andourfailuretoconfrontthatrealitynowthreatensthisgreatnessofours.　　Deathisnormal；wearegeneticallyprogrammedtodisintegrateandperish,evenunderidealconditions.Weallunderstandthatatsomelevel,yetasmedicalconsumerswetreatdeathasaproblemtobesolved.Shieldedbythird-partypayersfromthecostofourcare,wedemandeverythingthatcanpossiblybedoneforus,evenifit’suseless.Themostobviousexampleislate-stagecancercare.Physicians-frustratedbytheirinabilitytocurethediseaseandfearinglossofhopeinthepatient-toooftenofferaggressivetreatmentfarbeyondwhatisscientificallyjustified.　　In1950,theU.S.spent.7billiononhealthcare.In2002,thecostwillbebillion.Anyonecanseethistrendisunsustainable.Yetfewseemwillingtotrytoreverseit.Somescholarsconcludethatagovernmentwithfiniteresourcesshouldsimplystoppayingformedicalcarethatsustainslifebeyondacertainage——say83orso.FormerColoradogovernorRichardLammhasbeenquotedassayingthattheoldandinfirm“haveadutytodieandgetoutoftheway”,sothatyounger,healthierpeoplecanrealizetheirpotential.　　Iwouldnotgothatfar.Energeticpeoplenowroutinelyworkthroughtheir60sandbeyond,andremaindazzlinglyproductive.At78,ViacomchairmanSumnerRedstonejokinglyclaimstobe53.SupremeCourtJusticeSandraDayO’Connorisinher70s,andformersurgeongeneralC.EverettKoopchairsanInternetstart-upinhis80s.Theseleadersarelivingproofthatpreventionworksandthatwecanmanagethehealthproblemsthatcomenaturallywithage.Asamere68-year-old,Iwishtoageasproductivelyastheyhave.　　Yettherearelimitstowhatasocietycanspendinthispursuit.Askaphysician,Iknowthemostcostlyanddramaticmeasuresmaybeineffectiveandpainful.IalsoknowthatpeopleinJapanandSweden,countriesthatspendfarlessonmedicalcare,haveachievedlonger,healthierlivesthanwehave.Asanation,wemaybeoverfundingthequestforunlikelycureswhileunderfundingresearchonhumblertherapiesthatcouldimprovepeople’slives.　　56.Whatisimpliedinthefirstsentence?

　　A.Americansarebetterpreparedfordeaththanotherpeople.　　B.Americansenjoyahigherlifequalitythaneverbefore.　　C.Americansareover-confidentoftheirmedicaltechnology.　　D.Americanstakeavainprideintheirlonglifeexpectancy.　　57.Theauthorusestheexampleofcanerpatientstoshowthat　　A.medicalresourcesareoftenwasted.　　B.doctorsarehelplessagainstfataldiseases.　　C.sometreatmentsaretooaggressive.　　D.medicalcostsarebecomingunaffordable.　　58.Theauthor’sattitudetowardRichardLamm’sremarkisoneof　　A.strongdisapproval.　　B.reservedconsent.　　C.slightcontempt.　　D.enthusiasticsupport.　　59.IncontrastotheU.S.,JapanandSwedenarefundingtheirmedicalcare　　A.moreflexibly.　　B.moreextravagantly.　　C.morecautiously.　　D.morereasonably.　　60.Thetextintendstoexpresstheideathat　　Amedicinewillfurtherprolongpeople’slives.　　B.lifebeyondacertainlimitisnotworthliving.　　C.deathshouldbeacceptedasafactoflife.　　D.excessivedemandsincreasethecostofhealthcare.　　答案：

56—60　DABDC　　PartB　　Directions:

　　ReadthefollowingtextcarefullyandthetranslatetheunderlinessegmentssintosChinese.YourtranslationshouldbewrittenclearlyonANSWERSHEET2.（10points）　　Humanbeingsinalltimesandplacesthinkabouttheirworldandwonderattheirplaceinit.Humansarethoughtfulandcreative,possessedofinsatiablecuriosity.（61）Furthermore,humanshavetheabilitytomodifytheenvironmentinwhichtheylive,thussubjectingallotherlifeformstotheirownpeculiarideasandfancies.Therefore,itisimportanttostudyhumansinalltheirrichnessanddiversityinacalmandsystematicmanner,withthehopethattheknowledgeresultingfromsuchstudiescanleadhumanstoamoreharmoniouswayoflivingwiththemselvesandwithallotherlifeformsonthisplanetEarth.　　“Anthropology”derivesfromtheGreekwords“anthropos”:

“human”andlogos“thestudyof.”Byitsveryname,anthropologyencompassesthestudyofallhumankind.　　Anthropologyisoneofthesocialsciences.（62）Socialscienceisthatbranchofintellectualenquirywhichseekstostudyhumansandtheirendeavorsinthesamereasoned,orderly,systematic,anddispassioned（原文如此）mannerthatnaturalscientistsuseforthestudyofnaturalphenomena.　　Socialsciencedisciplinesincludegeography,economics,politicalscience,psychology,andsociology.Eachofthesesocialscienceshasasubfieldorspecializationwhichliesparticularlyclosetoanthropology.　　Allthesocialsciencesfocusuponthestudyofhumanity.Anthropologyisafield-studyorienteddisciplinewhichmakesextensiveuseofthecomparativemethodinanalysis.（63）Theemphasisondatagatheredfirst-hand,combinedwithacross-culturalperspectivebroughttotheanalysisofculturespastandpresent,makesthisstudyauniqueanddistinctlyimportantsocialscience.　　Anthropologicalanalysesrestheavilyupontheconceptofculture.SirEdwardTylor’sformulationoftheconceptofculturewasoneofthegreatintellectualachievementsof19thcenturyscience.（64）Tylordefinedcultureas“…thatcomplexwholewhichincludesbelief,art,morals,law,custom,andanyothercapabilitiesandhabitsacquiredbymanasamemberofsociety.”Thisinsight,soprofoundinitssimplicity,openedupanentirelynewwayofper