原油破乳.docx

原油破乳.docx

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原油破乳

Theoilemulsionbreaktechnologyapplicationstatusand

developmenttrend

ZhangQing

（TianjinOrientalWiseEnergySci-TechCo.,Ltd.Beijing2010）

Abstract：

DevelopmentOfdemulsificationtechniquesfortheoilisoneofthemostimportantresearchdirectionsinthepetroleumindustry.Thispaperbrieflyintroducestherecentresearchindemulsificationofoilandfocusesonphysical,chemicalandbiologicaldemulsificationmethod.Itsummarizesthedisadvantageofeverydemulsificationmethodandproposesthedevelopmenttendencyofdemulsificationtechniquefortheoilemulsion.

Keywords:

oilemulsion;demulsification;physicaldemulsification;chemicaldemulsification;biologicaldemulsification

Inordertomeetwiththedemandofoilgrowingintheworld,improveoilextraction,peopleresearchanddevelopmentofavarietyofoilextractiontechnology,includingwaterflooding,steamflooding,chemicalfloodingandothermethodsthateventuallyformthecrudeoilbeextractedasemulsion.Accordingtoastatistics,nearly80%oftheworld'scrudeoilareextractedintheformofemulsion.Oil-wateremulsionexists,willincreasetheburdenofstorageandtransportation,reducethelifeofthepipeline,andinthecrudeoilprocessingeasilyleadtocatalystpoisoningandseverecorrosionofhightemperaturedistillationequipment.Thesemustberemovedsothatoil-wateremulsioncanseparate,makethewater<0.5%,salt<50mg/Linthecrudeoil.Athomeandabroadtheresearchofthecrudeoilemulsionstabilityandemulsionbreakingisincreasingin-depthandinvolvingwideincontent.

Crudeoiliscomplexmixtureofhydrocarbonssuchascolloidandasphaltene.Besidesofhighdensity,viscosityandpoorliquiditytypical,resinandasphalteneinthecrudeoilitselfisanaturalsurfactant.Inthetheprocessofcrudeoilextractionthecrudeoilandformationwaterformedemulsionmoreorlessinevitably.Therefore,Emulsionbreakinganddehydrationofcrudeoilisanintegralpartofoilfieldproduction.Broadsensethatthecrudeoilemulsionbreakingistheprocessthatdestroyemulsionformedbyoilandwaterseparationoilandwatertwo-phase.Withthedevelopmentofcrudeoilemulsionbreaking,therehasbeenalotofmaturemethods,whichcanbebroadlydividedintophysical,chemicalandbiologicalmethods.

Thephysicalemulsionbreakingmethodsaregravity,centrifugation,heatingandelectrical,ultrasonic,microwavedemulsification,etc.

Chemicalemulsionbreakingisviaaddingoneormoresurfactantordemulsifiers,oradjustthepHofemulsiontobreakemulsion.Themoleculesdemulsifierinfiltrationandadhesionemulsiondropletinterface,andreplacetheemulsionanddestructtheionofthesurface.Dispersedphasereleaseandcoalescencethenphaseseparation,whichistheultimateaim.

Biologicalemulsionbreakingmainlybytheadditionbiologicalormicroorganismcultivatefermentationtodamagedoil-waterinterfacialoftheemulsionleavingdemulsificationdehydration.

Inrecentyears,withthecontinuousexpansionofthescopeofoilexploration,allthekindsofcrudeoilemulsionemulsionbreakingmethodhasbeenwidespreadconcernandtheresearchhasalsomadeimportantprogress.Thisarticlewilldescribeseachfieldthathasbeenusedinthemethodsinmechanismandapplicationresults.Combinedwiththemechanismandpracticalapplicationresultscomprehensiveanalysisandevaluatetheadvantagesanddisadvantagesofeachmethod.Iwillallthatcanofferareferenceforthecontinueddevelopmentofemulsionbreakingtechnologyoncrudeoil.

Ⅰ、EmulsionStability

Crudeoilemulsionisaverycomplexdistributedsystem.TheW/Oemulsionisthemajor,andthepropertiesofitever-changingfortheoilorigin,extractionmethod,emulsificationconditions,temperature,pressure,waterandotherfactorsrelativetothepropertyoftheemulsion.Crudeoilcouldbeabletoformastableemulsion,mainlybecausecrudeoilcontainsmanynaturalemulsifier.Thestabilityofcrudeoilemulsionismainlydependsbythepropertyofthefilm,whichbynaturalemulsifieradsorbedontheoil-waterinterfacialandformedontheinterface.Theinterfacialfilmhastwocharacteristics:

Theinterfacialforceoftheoil-waterislarge,generallyintherangeof25~30mN/m,thatistosayfilmformerhavelowsurfactantactivity;Thefilmhavestrongstrengthsothattheemulsionsisstableforitnoteasybrokenwhenthewaterdropletscollisionwitheachother.Filmformerincrudeoilaremainlyasphaltene,resin,wax,petroleumacidsoapandalittleparticlesofsoil.Thehighercontentofsuchsubstances,themorestableoftheemulsion.Especiallyhighcontentofasphaltene,resin,petroleumacidsoapandothersurfactantmaterialoil,whichemulsifiedformainterfacialfilmwithheatresistance,highmechanicalstrength,goodemulsionstability.Asinthebasicaromaticcompoundscontainheteroatomssulfur,nitrogen,oxygenandmetal,asphaltenehastwopropertiesoleophylic,hydrophilic.Itisinterestingthattheinterfacialactivityofsuchsubstancesinpyridine,nitrobenzeneandothernon-polarsolventmeetstheGibbsadsorptionequation.

Thestructure,natureandconcentrationofemulsifiershasaveryimportantinfluencetothepropertyinterfacialfilm.Incommonly,theinterfacialfilmformedofmixturemoreclosethanasingle,theinterfacialfilmformedofoil-solubleandwater-solublewithhigherstrength.Thesurfaceactiveaddinasmallamountoffattyalcohols,fattyacids,fattyaminesandotherpolarorganiccompounds,theemulsionstabilitycanbegreatlyimproved.

Interfacialtensionisalsooneofthefactorstoemulsionstabilityandreducetheinterfacialtensioncanhelptoincreasethestabilityoftheemulsion.addedsurfactantisasolutiontoreducetheinterfacialtension,especiallyuseavarietyofcomplexsurfactantagents.

Iftheinterfacialtensiondroppedto10-2~10-3mN/m,thesystemeasytoemulsify.Ifuseasuitablesurfactanttheinterfacialtensioncanbereducedto10-3~10-4mN/m.Wehaveconsidereddynamicinterfacialtensioncharacteristicsbetweenalkaline,non-ionicsurfactant,OP-10,petroleumsulfonateCY-01andtheShengliGudongoilandtheoilhadextractedtheacidiccomponents,andfindthatalkaline,plussurfactantandthesurfactantofoilhaveobvioussynergies.Thissynergisticeffecthavegreaterimpactontheinterfacialtensioninlowionicstrengthforshorttime;andthatplussurfactanthavegreaterimpactontheinterfacialtensioninhighionicstrengthforalongtime.Interfacialtensionisnotthemaindeterminefactorstoemulsionstability.AderangiandWasanstudiedthesurfactantandpolymerinthepresenceofasingledropletattheliquid/liquidinterfacecoalescence,foundthattheinterfacialtensionhavenothingtodowiththetimeorthespeedofcoalescence.Becauseoftheionization,adsorptionandliquidfrictionbetweenthebeadsmakethesurfaceofemulsioncharged.Whenwiththesamesymboldropletclose,mutuallyexclusivethatpreventdropletcoalescencetoimprovetheemulsionstability.WangRenfangetc.StudiedtheinfluenceofW/Otypeemulsionoffiveinorganicsaltsstability.Theresultsshowedthattheinorganicsaltsdissolvedinthephasecansignificantlyreducethestabilityofcrudeoilemulsion,thehighersaltconcentrationthegreaterreducedofthestability;varioussaltsindifferenttemperatureoninfluencethestabilityofcrudeoilemulsion.

Inadditiontothermodynamicsandelectricalexclusion,thereareotherfactorsatworkstability,oneofwhichisthesteric.Wuetc.Studiedtheinteractionbetweentheasphaltdropletinwaterandfindthattheinteractionbetweenthemicronsizeasphaltdropletinwatercanbedeterminedbythecolloidalparticlesindispersion.Andthatthestructureofprotrusionsinunevenasphaltsurfacewasalsoincreasetherepulsiveforce.Melleretc.studiestheinfluenceofthehydrophilic,non-adsorbedpolymerontheO/W,theresultsshowedthatthepolymertoenhancethestabilityoftheemulsion,preventingtheliquidpolymercoalescence.

Fineinsolublesolidparticleswasanimportanttypeofemulsifier.Partlywettedbythewaterandoilphasethecolloidalparticlescaneffectivelystabilizetheemulsion.Theeffectofemulsionstabilityinfluencedbythesesolidparticlesdependsonthefollowingfactors:

thesize,interactionsandwettabilityoftheparticle.Theseparticlesformarigidstructure，whichissterichindrancetotheemulsiondropletcoalescence.Particlesontheinterfacecanoftenprovideadegreeofelectrostaticrepulsion,thisrepulsiveforcewillfurtherstrengthenthestabilityoftheemulsion.Thesizeoftheemulsionstabilizerparticlemuchsmallerthanthedropletsizesothatparticlescanbeproperlysecuredaroundthedroplet.Braggreportedthatthesolidparticlessuchasclay,quartz,feldspar,gypsum,coal,bitumen,polymerswithapro-oilperssadstrengthenemulsionstabilitytoimproveoilextraction,canbeusedassolidparticles.Inaddition,carbondioxideandothergasescanalsobeusedasadditivestoadjusttheviscosityoftheemulsion.Salineemulsionofcrudeoilconsistaspecialstableemulsionhasalsobeenextensivelystudied.Theclay,resin,asphaltandparaffinetc.colloidalparticlesinthecrudeoilhasalreadybeenprovedtoplayagreatroleonthestabilityofemulsion.Thesecolloidalparticlesformhighviscosityorhighintensityfilmontheoil-waterinterfaceandsignificantlyimprovedthestabilityoftheemulsion.Tamebconcludefourcharacteristicsofthesolidparticlesstabilizeemulsion:

A.Theremustbeparticlesoninterface,theseparticlesaredispersedintotheinterfaceinthemechanicalequilibrium