AfricanAmericanGRE阅读练习材料.docx

AfricanAmericanGRE阅读练习材料.docx

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AfricanAmericanGRE阅读练习材料

AfricanAmerican

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ThisarticleisabouttheU.S.populationofAmericansofAfricanancestry.ForthepopulationofrecentAfricanorigins,seeAfricanimmigrationtotheUnitedStates.FortheAfricandiasporathroughouttheAmericas,seeAfro-AmericanpeoplesoftheAmericas.

AfricanAmerican

FrederickDouglass ·BarackObama ·RosaParks

CondoleezzaRice ·M.L.King,Jr. ·BeyoncéKnowles

MalcolmX ·OprahWinfrey ·BookerT.Washington

MichaelJordan ·HarrietTubman ·MuhammadAli

Totalpopulation

AfricanAmerican

37,000,000[1]

（~12%oftheUSpopulation）

Non-HispanicBlack

36,701,103[1]

BlackHispanic

884,947[1]

Regionswithsignificantpopulations

ThroughouttheSouthernUnitedStates,partsoftheNortheast,theMidwest,andCalifornia

Languages

AmericanEnglish ·AfricanAmericanVernacularEnglish ·recentimmigrantsanditschildrenspeakCaribbeanEnglish ·Spanish ·French ·BrazilianPortuguese ·HaitianCreole ·Africanlanguages

Religion

Majority:

Protestantism

Minority:

Catholicism ·Islam ·Judaism

Relatedethnicgroups

OtherAfro-AmericanpeoplesoftheAmericas

（especiallyAnglophones）

Americo-Liberian ·SierraLeoneCreolepeople

BlackBritish ·AfricanAmericansinFrance

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AfricanAmericans（alsoreferredtoasBlackAmericansorAfro-Americans,andformerlyasAmericanNegroes）arecitizensorresidentsoftheUnitedStateswhohaveoriginsinanyoftheblackpopulationsofAfrica.[2]IntheUnitedStates,thetermsaregenerallyusedforAmericanswithatleastpartialSub-SaharanAfricanancestry.MostAfricanAmericansarethedirectdescendantsofcaptiveAfricanswhosurvivedtheslaveryerawithintheboundariesofthepresentUnitedStates,althoughsomeare—oraredescendedfrom—immigrantsfromAfrican,Caribbean,CentralAmericanorSouthAmericannations.[3]Asanadjective,thetermisusuallywrittenasAfrican-American.[4]

African-Americanhistorystartsinthe17thcenturywithindenturedservitudeinBritishAmericaandprogressesontotheelectionofBarackObamaasthe44thandcurrentPresidentoftheUnitedStates.Betweenthoselandmarkstherewereothereventsandissues,bothresolvedandongoing,thatwerefacedbyAfricanAmericans.Someofthesewereslavery,reconstruction,developmentoftheAfrican-Americancommunity,participationinthegreatmilitaryconflictsoftheUnitedStates,racialsegregation,andtheCivilRightsMovement.AfricanAmericansmakeupthesinglelargestracialminorityintheUnitedStatesandformthesecondlargestracialgroupafterwhitesintheUnitedStates.[5]

Contents

[hide]

∙1History

o1.1Slaveryera

o1.2ReconstructionandJimCrow

o1.3GreatMigrationandCivilRightsMovement

o1.4Post-CivilRightsera

∙2Demographics

o2.1U.S.cities

∙3Religion

∙4Contemporaryissues

o4.1Politicsandsocialissues

o4.2Newsmediaandcoverage

o4.3Education

o4.4Economicstatus

o4.5Health

o4.6CulturalinfluenceintheUnitedStates

o4.7Politicallegacy

∙5Theterm"AfricanAmerican"

o5.1Politicalovertones

o5.2WhoisAfricanAmerican?

o5.3TheAfrican-Americanexperience

o5.4Termsnolongerincommonuse

∙6Seealso

∙7Notes

∙8References

∙9Furtherreading

∙10Externallinks

History

Mainarticle:

AfricanAmericanhistory

Slaveryera

Anartist'sconceptionofCrispusAttucks（1723–1770）,thefirst"martyr"oftheAmericanRevolution.

Mainarticles:

SlaveryintheUnitedStatesandAtlanticslavetrade

ThefirstrecordedAfricansinBritishNorthAmerica（includingmostofthefutureUnitedStates）arrivedin1619asindenturedservantswhosettledinJamestown,Virginia.AsEnglishsettlersdiedfromharshconditionsmoreandmoreAfricanswerebroughttoworkaslaborers.AfricansformanyyearsweresimilarinlegalpositiontopoorEnglishindenturees,whotradedseveralyearslaborinexchangeforpassagetoAmerica.[6]Africanscouldlegallyraisecropsandcattletopurchasetheirfreedom.[7]Theyraisedfamilies,marryingotherAfricansandsometimesintermarryingwithNativeAmericansorEnglishsettlers.[8]Bythe1640sand1650s,severalAfricanfamiliesownedfarmsaroundJamestownandsomebecamewealthybycolonialstandards.

Thepopularconceptionofarace-basedslavesystemdidnotfullydevelopuntilthe18thcentury.Thefirstblackcongregationsandchurcheswereorganizedbefore1800inbothnorthernandsoutherncitiesfollowingtheGreatAwakening.By1775,Africansmadeup20%ofthepopulationintheAmericancolonies,whichmadethemthesecondlargestethnicgroupaftertheEnglish.[9]Duringthe1770s,Africans,bothenslavedandfree,helpedrebelliousEnglishcolonistssecureAmericanIndependencebydefeatingtheBritishintheAmericanRevolution.[10]AfricansandEnglishmenfoughtsidebysideandwerefullyintegrated.[11]JamesArmistead,anAfricanAmerican,playedalargepartinmakingpossiblethe1781Yorktownvictory,whichestablishedtheUnitedStatesasanindependentnation.[12]OtherprominentAfricanAmericanswerePrinceWhippleandOliverCromwell,whoarebothdepictedinthefrontoftheboatinGeorgeWashington'sfamous1776CrossingtheDelawareportrait.

By1860,therewere3.5millionenslavedAfricanAmericansintheUnitedStatesduetotheAtlanticslavetrade,andanother500,000AfricanAmericanslivedfreeacrossthecountry.[13]In1863,duringtheAmericanCivilWar,PresidentAbrahamLincolnsignedtheEmancipationProclamation.TheproclamationdeclaredthatallslavesinstateswhichhadsecededfromtheUnionwerefree.[14]AdvancingUniontroopsenforcedtheproclamationwithTexasbeingthelaststatetobeemancipatedin1865.[15]

ReconstructionandJimCrow

JesseOwensshookracialstereotypesbothwithNazisandsegregationistsintheUSAatthe1936Berlinolympics.

Mainarticles:

ReconstructioneraoftheUnitedStatesandJimCrowlaws

AfricanAmericansquicklysetupcongregationsforthemselves,aswellasschools,communityandcivicassociations,tohavespaceawayfromwhitecontroloroversight.Whilethepost-warreconstructionerawasinitiallyatimeofprogressforAfricanAmericans,inthelate1890s,SouthernstatesenactedJimCrowlawstoenforceracialsegregationanddisenfranchisement.[16]MostAfricanAmericansfollowedtheJimCrowlaws,usingamaskofcompliancetopreventbecomingvictimsofraciallymotivatedviolence.Tomaintainself-esteemanddignity,AfricanAmericanssuchasAnthonyOvertonandMaryMcLeodBethunecontinuedtobuildtheirownschools,churches,banks,socialclubs,andotherbusinesses.[17]

Inthelastdecadeofthe19thcentury,raciallydiscriminatorylawsandracialviolenceaimedatAfricanAmericansbegantomushroomintheUnitedStates.Thesediscriminatoryactsincludedracialsegregation—upheldbytheUnitedStatesSupremeCourtdecisioninPlessyv.Fergusonin1896[18]—whichwaslegallymandatedbysouthernstatesandnationwideatthelocallevelofgovernment,votersuppressionordisenfranchisementinthesouthernstates,denialofeconomicopportunityorresourcesnationwide,andprivateactsofviolenceandmassracialviolenceaimedatAfricanAmericansunhinderedorencouragedbygovernmentauthorities.

GreatMigrationandCivilRightsMovement

AnAfricanAmericanboyoutsideofCincinnati,Ohiointhe1940s

MarchonWashington,August28,1963,showscivilrightsandunionleaders

Mainarticles:

GreatMigration（AfricanAmerican）andAfrican-AmericanCivilRightsMovement（1955–1968）

ThedesperateconditionsofAfricanAmericansintheSouththatsparkedtheGreatMigrationoftheearly20thcentury,[19]combinedwithagrowingAfricanAmericancommunityintheNorthernUnitedStates,ledtoamovementtofightviolenceanddiscriminationagainstAfricanAmericansthat,likeabolitionismbeforeit,crossedraciallines.TheCivilRightsMovementfrom1954to1968wasdirectedatabolishingracialdiscriminationagainstAfricanAmericans,particularlyintheSouthernUnitedStates.TheMarchonWashingtonforJobsandFreedomandtheconditionswhichbroughtitintobeingarecreditedwithputtingpressureonPresidentJohnF.KennedyandLyndonB.Johnson.

JohnsonputhissupportbehindpassageoftheCivilRightsActof1964thatbanneddiscriminationinpublicaccommodations,employment,andlaborunions,andtheVotingRightsAct（1965）,whichexpandedfederalauthorityoverstatestoensureblackpoliticalparticipationthroughprotectionofvoterregistrationandelections.By1966,theemergenceoftheBlackPowermovement,whichlastedfrom1966to1975,expandedupontheaimsoftheCivilRightsMovementtoincludeeconomicandpoliticalself-sufficiency,andfreedomfromwhiteauthority.[20]

Post-CivilRightsera

Mainarticle:

PostCivilRightsEraAfrican-Americanhistory

Politicallyandeconomically,blackshavemadesubstantialstridesduringthepost-civilrightsera.In1989,DouglasWilderbecamethefirstAfrican-AmericanelectedgovernorinU.S.history.Therearecurrentlytwoblackgovernorsservingconcurrently;governorDevalPatrickofMassachusettsandgovernorDavidPatersonofNewYork.ClarenceThomasbecamethesecondAfrican-AmericanSupremeCourtJustice.In1992CarolMoseley-BraunofIllinoisbecamethefirstblackwomanelectedtotheU.S.Senate.Therewere8,936blackofficeholdersintheUnitedStatesin2000,showinganetincreaseof7,467since1970.In2001therewere484blackmayors.

OnNovember4,2008,DemocraticSenatorBarackObamadefeatedRepublicanSenatorJohnMcCaintobecomethefirstAfricanAmericantobeelectedPresident.Atleast95percentofAfrican-AmericanvotersvotedforObama.[21][2