专八英美文学知识点.docx

专八英美文学知识点.docx

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专八英美文学知识点

Old&MedievalEnglishLiterature

OldEnglish:

450-1066

thenational epic oftheAnglo-Saons

MedievalEnglish：

 1066-middle14thcentury 

Geoffrey Chaucer - thefatherofEnglishpoetry （wisdom,humor,humanity）

firsttimetouse'heroiccouplet'英雄双韵体

TheRenaissancePeriod :

14th–mid17th    startedin Italy

Aseriesofhistoricalevents:

1.     rediscoveryofancientRoman&Greekculture

2.     newdiscoveriesingeography&astrology（占星学）

3.     thereligiousreformation&economicexpansion

The Renaissance - rebirthorrevival 

Humanism -theessenceoftheRenaissance,thedignityofhumanbeing&theimportanceofthepresentlife

Bestrepresentatives:

 ThomasMore,ChristopherMarlowe,WilliamShakespeare

TheElizabethandrama:

the realmainstream ofEnglishRenaissance

Mostfamousdramatists:

 ChristopherMarlowe,WilliamShakespeare,BenJonson

EdmundSpenser - thepoets'poet

5quality:

1）aperfectmelody    2）araresenseofbeauty  3）asplendidimagination

4）alofty（高尚的）moralpurityandseriousness   5）adedicatedidealism

lament（哀悼）overthelossofRosalind

主角：

Arthur -whopossess 12 virtues

      Gloriana –theFairyQueen

Thethemeisnot“Armsandtheman,”butsomethingmoreromantic–“Fiercewarresandfaithfullloves”

READING:

 excerptfrom TheFaerieQueene 仙后

Content:

RedcrosseKnightsetoutonhisadventures.

克里斯托弗·马洛

ChristopherMarlowe – “UniversityWits”, thepioneerofEnglish drama

Hyperbole（夸张）

Marlowe’sachievement:

1） blankverse无韵诗歌

ItisMarlowewhobroughtvitality（活力）andgrandeur（伟大）intothe blankverse withhis“mightylines,”whichcarrystrong emotions.

2）hiscreationoftheRenaissanceheroforEnglishdrama.（notstrongindramaticconstruction.）

  → thepioneerofEnglish drama

3tragedies:

 thehumanpassionforknowledge,powerandhappiness

 帖木耳大帝 aplayaboutan ambitious and pitiless overpoweringking.

 马尔他的犹太人

non-drama pastoral（田园的）life ，themostbeautiful lyrics（抒情诗）

READING:

1.excerptfrom Dr.Faustus 浮士德博士的悲剧

AplaybasedontheGermanlegend

Content:

Faustusisascholarwhohasastrongdesiretoacquireknowledge.Byconjuration（念咒文召唤）hecallup Mephistophilis,theDevil’sservant.Hemakeabond（契约）to sellhissoultotheDevil inreturnfor24yearsoflifeinwhichMephistophilistogivehimeverythinghedesires.Devil’snameisLucifer.

Dominantmoralis human ratherthan religious

2. ThePassionate（热情的）ShepherdtoHisLove

this shortpoem isconsideredtobeoneof themostbeautifullyrics（抒情诗） inEnglishliterature.

Theshepherd（牧羊人）enjoyanidealcountrylife,cherishing（珍爱）apastoral（田园的）andpureaffectionforhislove.Strongemotionisconveyedthroughthebeautyofnature.

剧作家

WilliamShakespeare –playwright&poet（aboveallwritersinthepastandinthepresenttime）

1.     , …

2.     ,,, …

Comedies:

 ,,…AsYouLikeIt

Tragedy:

  romantictragedy.Topraisethefaithfulnessofloveandthespiritofpursuinghappiness.

3.     Fourtragedies - ,,&

4.     tragicomedies：

Achievement:

A.exploringthecharacters’sinnermind.

soliloquy（独白）ormonologue -fullyrevealtheinnerconflictofthecharacters

contrasts –bringvividnesstothecharacters

B.adroit（精巧的） plotconstruction

C. Irony isagoodmeansofdramaticpresentation. Disguise isanimportantdevicetocreatedramaticirony.

D.thelanguage.

READING：

 1. Sonnet18 （14line）

 eternalorimmortal（不朽的） beauty,haveafaithinthepermanenceofpoetry.

Anicesummer’sdayisusuallytransient（短暂的）,butthebeautyinpoetrycanlastforever.

2.excerptfrom TheMerchantofVenice

topraisethefriendshipbetween Antonio and Bassanio,toidealize Portiaaheroineofgreatbeauty,witandloyalty,toexposetheinsatiable（不知足的） greedandbrutalityof theJew.

Doubleplot:

（1）BassanioaskAntonioforaloansothathemightmarriagewithPortia

（2）Antonioborrowmoneyfrom Shylock,theJewishusurer.ShylockmakeastrangebondthatrequiresAntoniotosurrenderapoundofhisfleshifhefailtorepayhimwithinacertainperiodoftime.Portiadisguisedasayounglawyerinstructedtojudgethecase:

Shylockcantakehispoundofflesh,butthereisnomentionofbloodinthebond.Otherwise,hislandsandgoodswillbeconfiscated（充公）accordingtohelawofVenice.

3．Excerptfrom Hamlet

hesitatebetween factandfiction,languageandaction, toosophisticated（复杂的） todegradehisnaturetotheconventionalroleofastagerevenger

content:

Hamlet,theprince,appearinginamoodofworld-weariness（厌世） occasionedbyhisfather’sdeathandhismother’shastyremarriagewithClaudius,hisfather’sbrother.HamletisinformedthatClaudiushasmurderedhisfatherandthentakenoverbothhisfather’sthroneandwidow.ThusHamletisurgedtoseekrevenge.

Note:

 Tobe,ornottobe -toliveoninthisworldortodie;tosufferortotakeaction

FrancisBacon –philosopher,scientist,essayist,laythefoundationfor modernscience

His Essays isthefirstexampleofthatgenreinEnglishliterature.

Bacon’sessaysarefamousfortheir brevity,compactness&powerfulness,well-arrangingandenrichingbyBiblicalallusions（典故）,metaphors（隐喻） andcadence（韵律）.

 man’sunderstandingconsistsofthreeparts:

 history toman’smemory, poetry toman’simaginationandcreation,and philosophy toman’sreason.

 writteninLatinonmethodology方法论

Baconsuggests the inductivereasoning 归纳法 （i.e.proceedingfromtheparticulartothegeneral）

inplaceof Aristotelianmethod,thedeductivereasoning 演绎法 （i.e.proceedingfromthegeneraltotheparticular）

READING:

 OfStudies

usesandbenefitsofstudy–studiesservefordelight,forornament,andforability.Studiesperfectnature,andareperfectedbyexperience.Differentwaysadoptedbydifferentpeopletopursuestudies-studiesandexperiencearecomplementary（互补）toeachother.Thecorrectattitudetoreadingbooks-toweighandconsider.Howstudiesexertinfluenceoverhumancharacter-readingmakethafullman,conferenceareadyman,andwritinganexactman.

JohnDonne 

〝Metaphysicalpoetry〞（玄学诗）-breakawayfromlovepoetry, thediction（用语）issimple, theimagery isfromtheactual, theform isfrequentlyanargumentwiththepoet’sbeloved,withGod,orwithhimself.

A）conceits  B）syllogism（三段论）

Poetry 早期:

holdsthatthenatureofloveistheunionofsoulandbody.

晚期:

 religiouspoem

Prose:

hissermons,whicharebothrichandimaginative

READING:

 1. TheSunRising    2. Death,BeNotProud （asonnet,14lines）

thebusysunisalwaysreadytointerferewithotherthingsandeverywhere 

whateveryouare,youcannotescapefromdeath.Whenyouareliving,youarealwaysintheshadowofdeath.Deathonlylastsamoment,ourlifeafterdeathiseternal.Themorepleasurethedeathgivespeople,notonlythepleasureoftherest&thesleep,because'whomthegodslovedieyoung'.Thoughdeathisusuallyconsideredpowerful,itactuallyprovidesarestforaman'sbodyandabirthforhissoul.

JohnMilton 

Achievement:

1）theearly poeticworks 2）themiddle prose（散文） 3）thelast greatpoems

Elegy（挽歌） -利西达斯  （hisearlywork）

Epic（史诗）-  

Dramaticpoem（诗剧）- 力士参孙 themostperfectexampleoftheversedramaaftertheGreekstyleinEnglish.

READING:

excerptfrom ParadiseLost

theonlygenerallyacknowledgedepicinEnglishliteraturesinceBeowulf.Theconflictisbetween humanlove and spiritualduty. Thefreedomofthewill isthekeystoneofMilton’screed（纲领）.

TakefromtheOldTestament,thethemeisthe“FallofMan”:

SatanrebelagainstGodandaredrivenfromHeaven.Hedeterminedtorevengebyseduce（引诱）AdamandEvetoeatthefruitfromtheTreeofKnowledgeagainstGod’sinstructions.So,AdamandEveareexiledbyGodfromtheparadise.

新古典主义时期

TheNeoclassicalPeriod :

 1660-1798withthepublicationof Lyricalballads byWordsworthandColeridge

-          arevivalofinterestintheoldclassicalworks, order, logic, restrainedemotion（抑制情感）& accuracy启蒙时代

theAgeofEnlightenment/Reason –themovementwasafurtheranceoftheRenaissanceofthe15th and16th centries,aprogressiveintellectualmovement, reason（rationality）,equality&science （the18th century）

modernEnglishnovel –newlyrisingliteraryform现实主义小说诞生（themid-century）

Gothicnovel（哥特式小说）-mystery,horror&castles（frommiddleparttotheendofcentury）

JohnBunyan

REAING:

 TheVanityFair名利场 anexcerptform ThePilgrim’sProgress （天路历程）

,areligious allegory（寓言）,itspurposeistourgepeopletoabidebyChristiandoctrinesandseeksalvation（拯救）throughconstantstruggleswiththeirownweaknessesandallkindsofsocialevils.Itspredominantmetaphor–lifeasajourney

AlexanderPope亚历山大·蒲柏（英国诗人）

oneofthefirsttointroduce rationalism toEngland,forhimthesupremevaluewas order.

READING:

excerptfromAnEssayonCriticism（论批评）

apoemwrittenin heroiccouplets（对句）,criticizethepresentpoemlackoftruetaste&callonpeopletoturntotheoldGreekandRomanwritersforguidance,truewitwhichisbestsetinaplain（simple&clear）style.

DanielDefoe -thefirstwriterstudyofthe lower-cla