英语句子成分划分的基本概述附配套练习和答案.docx
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英语句子成分划分的基本概述附配套练习和答案
英语句子成分
定义：
构成句子的各个部分叫做句子成分。
句子成分有主要成分和次要成分；
主要成分：
主语和谓语
次要成分：
表语、宾语、定语、状语、补足语、同位语
ImetmybestfriendTomatthestationyesterday.
主语：
句子的主体
Students studyEnglish.
Smokingisbadforhealth.
Whathehassaidistrue.从句做主语（主语从句）
Itisveryclearthattheelephantisroundandtalllikeatree.（It是形式主语，从句that...tree才是真正主语）（主语从句）
练习：
划出句中主语
Thesunrisesintheeast.
Twentyyearsisashorttimeinhistory.
Thepoorarenowlivingintheshelter.
Seeingisbelieving.
Toseeistobelieve.
Whatheneedsisabook.
谓语：
动词或者动词词组
1、简单谓语：
由一个动词或动词短语构成。
如：
Students studyEnglish
2、复合谓语：
（1）由情态动词或其他助动词加动词原形构成。
如：
HecanspeakEnglish.Hehascaughtabadcold.
（2）由系动词加表语构成。
如：
Wearestudents.
练习：
选出下列句子中的谓语
I don't like the picture on the wall.
I usually go to school by bus.
Did the twins have porridge for their breakfast?
Tom didn't do his homework yesterday.
What I want to tell you is this.
We had better send for a doctor.
He is interested in music.
HecanspeakEnglishwell.
表语：
系动词后面的成分
名词作表语Iamastudent.Myfatherisateacher.
形容词作表语This table is long.Youlookyoung.It gets cold.It sounds interesting.
副词作表语Everyoneishere.
介词短语作表语Theyareinthepark.
不定式作表语MyjobistoteachthemEnglish.
动名词作表语Herjobistrainingthenurses.
从句作表语（表语从句）Thatiswhyhedidn’tcometoschoolyesterday.
系动词：
（1）状态:
be动词
（2）持续：
表示主语继续或保持一种状况或态度,主要有keep,remain,stay,rest,lie,stand.
（3）表像：
表示“看起来好像”,主要有seem,appear,look
（4）感官：
表示“……起来”,有feel（摸起来,感觉）,smell（闻起来）,sound（听起来）,taste（尝起来,吃起来）等
（5）变化：
表示主语变成什么样,主要有become,grow,turn,fall,get,go,come,run
（6）终止：
主要有prove,turnout（结果是,证明是）等.如：
Hisstoryprovedfalse.他讲的情况原来是假的.
Myintuitionturnedouttobecorrect.我的直觉证明是对的.
练习：
划出句中表语
Thespeechisexciting.
Theyseemtoknowthetruth.
Timeisprecious.
I’mtiredtoday.
Thatremainsapuzzle.
Idon’tfeelsad.
That’swhyhecamehere.
宾语：
动作承受者
名/代词作宾语Heneverforgivesothers.Heoftenhelpsme.
不定式作宾语Helikestosleepintheopenair.
动名词作宾语TheAmericansenjoyedlivinginChina.
从句做宾语（宾语从句）Ibelievethattheycanfinishtheworkintime.
WefounditnecessarytostudyEnglish.（it形式宾语，todo是真正宾语）
宾语分为直接宾语和间接宾语.直接宾语指物,间接宾语指人.
Pleasepassmethebook.（me是间接宾语，thebook是直接宾语）
练习：
划出句中宾语
Showyourpassport,please.
Shedidn'tsayanything.
Howmanydoyouwant?
-Iwanttwo.
Theysenttheinjuredtohospital.
Theyaskedtoseemypassport.
Ienjoyworkingwithyou.
Didyouwritedownwhathesaid?
Isucceededinpassingtheexam.
宾语补足语：
有些及物动词除了有一个直接宾语以外，还要有一个宾语补足语，才能使句子的意义完整，否则就不完整。
宾补主要用来说明宾语的身份和状态以补充其意义不足。
Ifoundthebookinteresting.
Imakemystudentsintertestedinmyclass.
Sheaskedmetolendherahand.
Wemadehimmonitorinourclass.
Wefoundhimintroublenow.
WefounditnecessarytostudyEnglish.（it形式宾语，todo是真正宾语necessary是宾补）
练习：
划出句中宾补
She likes the children to read newspapers and books in the reading-room.
He asks her to take the boy out of school.
She find it difficult to do the work.
They call me Lily sometimes.
I saw Mr. Wang get on the bus.
注：
直接宾语和宾补的区分：
前面宾语和宾补有主谓逻辑关系，而间接宾语和直接宾语没有主谓逻辑关系，例如
1.Wemadehimmonitorinourclass.我们选他做我们班的班长。
（宾语him与monitor是主谓关系Heismonitor他是班长，所以这里monitor是宾补）
2.Heboughthisgirlfriendsomeflowers.他买给他女朋友一些花。
（宾语hisgirlfriend与someflowers没有逻辑关系，不能说“他女朋友是花”所以someflowers是直接宾语）
定语：
用来修饰名词或代词的成分
形容词作定语Theblackbikeismine.
代词作定语What’syourname?
名词作定语Theymadesomepaperflowers.
介词短语作定语TheboysintheroomareinClassThree,GradeOne.
不定式作短语Ihavelotsofhomeworktodo
从句作定语（定语从句）ThetallboywhoisstandingthereisPeter.
练习：
划出句中定语
Heisacleverboy.
Thereare54studentsinourclass.
DoyouknowBetty’ssister?
.
Thereisasleepingbabyinbed.
Hisspokenlanguageisgood.
Thegirlinredishissister.
Wehavealotofworktodo.
Thegirlstandingunderthetreeishisdaughter.
Doyouknowthemanwhospokejustnow?
同位语：
当两个指同一事物的句子成分放在同等位置时,一个成分用来说明或解释另一个成分。
下面例句中黑体和横线部分互为同位语。
其中前项与后项所指内容相同,句法功能（即在句中作主谓宾等成分）也相同，并常常紧挨在一起。
Wehavetwochildren,aboyandagirl.我们有两个孩子,一男一女。
（都在句中作宾语）
Weyoungpeopleshouldrespecttheold.我们年轻人应该尊敬老人。
（都在句中作主语）
Theyallwantedtoseehim.他们都想见他. （都在句中作主语）
Let’syouandmegotowork,Oliver.咱们俩去工作吧. （都在句中作主语）
Areyoutwoready?
你们俩准备好了吗?
（都在句中作主语）
Thenewsthatwearehavingaholidaytomorrowisnottrue.
明天放假的消息不确. （都在句中作主语）（同位语从句）
练习：
找出句中互为同位语的成分，并指出它们在句中的句法功能
Mrs.Brown,John'smotherisakindlady.
Wordcamethatherhusbandwaskilledinanaccident.
Iamsorrytohearthenewsthathisgrandfatherisdead.
状语:
按用途可分为时间、地点、方式、原因、结果、目的、条件、让步、程度、方式、伴随等
（1）.时间状语
Shallwedotheshoppingtoday?
（2）.地点状语
Thereareplentyoffishinthesea.
（3）.原因状语
IeatpotatoesbecauseIlikethem.
（4）.结果状语
ShespokesosoftlythatIcouldn’thearwhatshesaid.
（5）.目的状语
Inordertogetintoagoodschool,Imuststudyevenharder.
（6）.条件状语
Ifheweretocome,whatshouldwesaytohim?
（7）.让步状语
Hehelpedmealthoughhedidn’tknowme.
（8）.程度状语
Thelectureisveryinteresting.
（9）.伴随状语
Mytrainstartsatsix,arrivingatChicagoat10.
练习：
划出句中状语
①Therewasabigsmileonherface.
②Everynightheheardthenoiseupstairs.
③HebegantolearnEnglishwhenhewaseleven.
④Themanonthemotorbikewastravellingtoofast.
⑤Withthemedicineboxunderherarm,MissLihurriedoff
句子成分划分课后巩固练习题
1. The students got on the school bus.
2. He handed me the newspaper.
3. I shall answer your question after class.
4. His job is to train swimmers.
5. He took many photos in Beijing.
6. His wish is to become a scientist.
7. Hetoldmethathisbrotherisaworld-famousdoctor.
8. He found it important to master English.
9. He sat there, reading a newspaper.
10. The apples tasted sweet.
11. My grandfather bought me a pair of sports shoes.
12.I love you．
13. Trees turn green when spring comes.
14. Grandma told me an interesting story last night.
15. Lily is cleaning the desk now.
16. Her garden is the best in our town
17. We heard her singing a song.
18. I like this book very much.
19. The girl on the blue bike is Jane’s sister.
20. She didn’t come to my party because she was ill.
21. Wang Ping does his homework carefully.
22. We will go to the Children’s Palace once a week.
23. They are in the classroom.
24. We enjoy listening to the music.
25. I see her dance.
26. We always go to school early.
27.I always find her happy
28.The children bought their parents a car
29.He likes to play basketball.
30.YesterdayItalkedtomyEnglishteacher,Mr.James.
随堂练习参考答案：
主语：
Thesunrisesintheeast.
Twentyyearsisashorttimeinhistory.
Thepoorarenowlivingintheshelter.
Seeingisbelieving.
Toseeistobelieve.
Whatheneedsisabook.
谓语：
I don't like the picture on the wall.
I usually go to school by bus.
Tom didn't do his homework yesterday.
What I want to tell you is this.
We had better send for a doctor.
He is interested in music.
HecanspeakEnglishwell.
表语：
Thespeechisexciting.
Theyseemtoknowthetruth.
Timeisprecious.
I’mtiredtoday.
Thatremainsapuzzle.
Idon’tfeelsad.
That’swhyhecamehere.
宾语：
Showyourpassport,please.
Shedidn'tsayanything.
Howmanydoyouwant?
-Iwanttwo.
Theysenttheinjuredtohospital.
Theyaskedtoseemypassport.
Ienjoyworkingwithyou.
Didyouwritedownwhathesaid?
Isucceededinpassingtheexam.
宾补：
She likes the children to read newspapers and books in the reading-room.
He asks her to take the boy out of school.
She find it difficult to do the work.
They call me Lily sometimes.
I saw Mr. Wang get on the bus.
定语 ：
Heisacleverboy.
Thereare54studentsinourclass.
DoyouknowBetty’ssister?
Thereisasleepingbabyinbed.
Hisspokenlanguageisgood.
Thegirlinredishissister.
Wehavealotofworktodo.
Thegirlstandingunderthetreeishisdaughter.
Doyouknowthemanwhospokejustnow?
同位语：
Mrs.Brown,John'smotherisakindlady.（主语）
Wordcamethatherhusbandwaskilledinanaccident.（主语）
Iamsorrytohearthenewsthathisgrandfatherisdead.（宾语）
状语：
Therewasabigsmileonherface.
Everynightheheardthenoiseupstairs.
HebegantolearnEnglishwhenhewaseleven.
Themanonthemotorbikewastravellingtoofast.
Withthemedicineboxunderherarm,MissLihurriedoff.
课后练习参考答案：
1.主谓定宾
2.主谓间宾直宾
3.主谓定宾时状
4.定主系表（系动词+表语=谓语）
5.主谓宾地状
6.定主系表
7.主谓间宾直宾（宾语从句）
8.主谓形式宾语宾补真正的宾语
（TomasterEnglishisimportant“掌握英语很重要”有逻辑关系，所以是宾补）
9.主谓地状伴随状语
10.主系表
11.定主谓间宾直宾
12.主谓宾
13.主系表时间状语（从句）
14.主谓间宾定直宾时状
15.主谓宾时状
16.定主系表地状
17.主谓宾宾补（Shewassingingasong.“她在唱歌”有逻辑关系）
18.主谓宾状
19.主定系定表
20.主谓宾原因状语（从句）
21.主谓宾状
22.主谓定宾时状
23.主系表
24.主谓宾
25.主谓宾宾补（Sheisdancing.“她在跳舞”有逻辑关系）
26.主状谓宾时状
27.主状谓宾宾补（Sheishappy.“她很高兴”有逻辑关系）
28.主谓定间宾直宾
29.主谓宾
30.时状主谓定定宾同
31.
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