答疑3.docx

答疑3.docx

《答疑3.docx》由会员分享，可在线阅读，更多相关《答疑3.docx（12页珍藏版）》请在冰点文库上搜索。

答疑3

清考题型

PartIWriting（本题满分15分）

PartIISpeedReading（本题满分10分;每题1分）

PartIIIMultipleChoices（本题满分10分;每题0.5分）（词汇和语法）

PartIV.ReadingComprehension（本题满分40分,每题2分）

PartVCloze（本题满分10分;每题0.5分）

PartVIVocabulary（本题满分10分,每题1分）

（每个单元SectionA&B课后练习第三题）

PartVIITranslation（本题满分5分;每题1分）（课后短语）

Children'sEating

Raisingchildrencanbeachallengingjob.Itcanalsoberewarding.Whenitcomestoeating,themorecaregiversknowaboutchildren'snaturaleatingpatterns,theeasierandmorerewardingthejoboffeedingchildrencanbe.

Likemanyotherbehaviors,children'seatingpatternsarelargelylearned.Startingfrominfancy（婴儿期）,achildlearnswhatcanbeeatenandwhatcannot,whatisappropriatewithinthecultureandthefamilyregardingfoodmanners,whattypesoffoodarelikedanddisliked,andwhatcuesareimportantincontrollingtheamountoffoodeaten.Children'seatingpatternsmovethroughpredictablestagesofdevelopmentthatpresentchallengesandopportunitiesforlearningandmasteringpropereatingpatterns.Earlyfeedinginteractionsinfluencethesetofskillsandbehaviorschildrenpossessastheireatingmovesfromcompletelydependingontheircaregiverstorelyingmoreonthemselves.

Inborn（天生的）Abilities,Preferences,andTransitions（转变）

Becauseanewbornspendsabout50%ofhiswakingtimeeating,thefeedinginteractionisperhapsaninfant'smostimportantexperience.Feedingnotonlysuppliesenergyforgrowth,italsoestablisheshisbondwithhismother,providesasenseofsecurityandpleasurefortheinfant,andpresentsrepeatedopportunitiesforlearningandsocialexchange.

Achild'stransitiontosolidfoodisadynamic（不断增长的）periodofgrowthandlearning.Eatingpatternschangemoreduringthisperiodthanduringanyothertimeoflife.Thistransitionrequiresrapidlearningaboutflavors,food,manners,andsocialexchange.

Anoftenunrecognizedmilestone（里程碑）inyoungchildren'seatingbehaviorisdealingwithafearofnewfood.Youngchildrenareinclinedtobeafraidofnewfoodwhentheyarebetween18-24monthsofage.Childrenpreviouslyjudgedas"goodeaters"oftenbegintorejectnewfoodandrefuseformerlyaccepted,familiaritems.Children'sacceptanceofnewfooddoesnothappenrightaway.Itrequiresrepeatedexperiencewithnewfoodtoovercomefearsandenhanceacceptance.

TheFamilyEatingEnvironment

Parentsandcaregiversgreatlyinfluencetheeatingenvironmentinwhichchildren'spreferencesandeatingpatternsdevelop.Caregiversdeterminewhichfoodsareavailabletothechildandwhatcomposesachild'sdiet.Theyalsoprovideamodelofeatingbehaviorandguideachild'seatingthroughfeedingpractices.Byselectingthefoodthatcomesintothehome,parentshavedirectcontroloverthefoodchildrenrepeatedlyeat.

Atanypointindevelopment,largedifferencesmayexistamongparentsintheextenttowhichtheyallowachildtocontroleating,includingthetimingofmeals,aswellaswhatandhowmuchiseaten.Feedingpracticesthataretoocontrollingarenoteffective,butrathermayworkagainstpromotinghealthyeatingpatterns.Theuseofpressureandrestrictioninchildfeedingseemstohaveanoppositeeffectonchildren'spreferences.Anotherunintendedconsequenceofusingpressureinchildfeedingisthatitmaycauseeatingtobeinfluencedbyfactorsotherthanachild'sownhungerandfullness.

TheContemporaryEatingEnvironment

Whilethefamilyisthemostimportantenvironmentinwhichchildren'seatingdevelops,culturalandphysicalenvironmentsalsoplayarole.Environmentalfactorsaffectaparent'sabilitytopromotehealthyeatingpatterns.Suchfactorsincludeincreasedtimedemandsinfamilylife,lossofthefamilymeal,increasedtelevisionviewingduringmeals,increaseddining-out（外出就餐）occasions,andincreaseduseofchildcare.Parentsalsostrugglewiththebroaderhealthandeatingconcernsofoursociety.Thisclimateincludespoordietqualityandanever-increasingnumberofoverweightparentsandchildren.Atthesametime,societyplacesanenormousemphasisondietingandthinness.

PromotingHealthyEatingBehaviors

Aworthygoalforparentsandcaregiversistocreatefeedingenvironmentsthatpromotehealthyeatingbehaviorsandsupporthealthyweightandgrowth.Thereareseveralimportantfeedingissuesformostchildren:

1.Youngchildreneatsmallamountsoffoodfrequently;threemealsandthreesnacks（点心）isanormaleatingpatternuntilwellintotheschoolyears.

2.Theappearanceofirregulareatingpatternsisnotnecessarilyevidenceofpooreatinghabits.Parentsshouldconsidertheamountoffoodeatenacrossthedayandbeyond,ratherthanfocuson"gettingachildtoeat"ataparticulareatingoccasion.

3.Youngchildrenrequirefewerenergyandsmallerportionsizes.Becauseincreasingportionsizesmayincreaseenergyintakes,becarefulaboutroutinely（习惯性地）offeringadult-sizeservingsofdrinksandsnacks.

Keepingtheseissuesandthefollowingtentipsinmindwillhelpparentsandcaregiversdevelophealthyeatingbehaviorsinthechildrentheycarefor.

TenTipsforPuttingInformationintoAction

1.Childrenbenefitfromeatingroutines（常规）andstructureinthesamewaythattheybenefitfrombedtimeroutines!

Besuretoofferthreemealsandtwotothreesnacksacrossthecourseoftheday.Inbetween,avoidfeedingthechildbyadoptinga"closedkitchen"policy.

2.Whatdoeshungerhavetodowithit?

Everything.Directchildrentowardsinternalcueslikehungerandfullness.Speakplainlytochildrenabouthungerandfullnessduringmealtimeandsnacks.

3.Avoidfocusingontheamountsconsumed.Instead,offerhealthychoicesandlearnaboutappropriateportionsizesforchildren.

4.Offerhealthysnacksandroutinelyremindchildrenthatfruitsandvegetablesareavailableforsnacking.

5.Don'tgiveup!

Childrenneedrepeatedexperienceswithnewfoodbeforetheylearntolikethem.

6.Beconsciousoflownutrient,high-energydrinksandfoodconsumption.

7.Beactive!

Turnoffthetelevision（limitof2hoursperday）andencouragefreeplaybyGOINGOUTSIDE!

8.Makefamilymealsaprioritywheneverpossible.Tryforatleastthreefamilydinnersaweek.Limiteatingouttotwiceaweekandtrytochooserestaurantswithsurroundingsthatpermitconversation.

9.Developchildren'sconversationalstylesandtheirsenseofimportancebyeliminatingdistractionsliketelevisionandmusicduringfamilymeals.

10.Promotehealthyeating—notdieting—inwordandindeed.Adoptamoderateapproachthatincludesallfoodinage-appropriateamounts.

CollegeIsJusttheBeginningofLifelongLearning

Althoughitmaysometimesfeelmorelikeaburden,beingastudentisagoldenopportunity.Asastudent,youareabletofocusonlearningforaperiodoftime,andyourschoolfocusesonyouinreturn,helpingyougainaccesstoknowledge,resources,andexperiences.Takeadvantageoftheacademicopportunitybydevelopingahabitofseekingoutnewlearningopportunities.Thathabitwillencourageyoutocontinueyourlearninglongafteryouhavegraduated,eveninthefaceofthepressureofeverydaylife.Learningbringschange,andchangecausesgrowth.Ifyouconfineyourlearningtoyourtimeasastudent,youwillmakeitdifficulttoimproveandmoveaheadbothonthejobandinyourpersonallife.Ontheotherhand,ifyoutakeadvantageofthechancestolearnwhatcomesintoyourway,youwillcontinuetomoveahead.Asyouchangeandtheworldchanges,newknowledgeandideascontinuallyemerge.Absorbthemsothatyoucandriveyourselfforwardintothefuture.

Herearesomelifelonglearningstrategiesthatcanencourageyoutocontinuallyaskquestionsandexplorenewideas.

Lookintonewinterests.Wheninformationandeventscatchyourattention,takeyourinterestonestepfurtherandfindoutmore.Ifyouarefascinatedbylawyersontelevision,findoutmoreifyourschoolhaslegalclubswhereyoucanexplore.Ifafriendofyoursstartstotakeyoga（瑜珈）,tryoutaclasswithhim.Ifyoureallylikeonepartofaparticularclass,seeifthereisanyotherclassthatfocusesonthatspecificsubject.Stopsaying"IwishIhadtriedthat"andstartsaying"I'mgoingtodoit."

Readbooks,newspapers,magazines,andotherwritings.Readingopensaworldofnewperspectives.Checkoutwhat'sonthebestsellerlistatyourbookstore.Askyourfriendsaboutbooksthathavechangedtheirlives.Stayonthetopofthecurrentchangesinyourcommunity,yourstate,yourcountry,andeventheworldbyreadingnewspapersandmagazines.Anewspaperthathasabroadscope,suchasTheNewYorkTimesorWashingtonPost,canbeaneducationinitself.Explorereligiousliterature,familyletters,andInternetnewsgroupsandwebpages.Keepsomethingwithyoutoreadatthosemomentswhenyouhavenothingtodo.

Spendtimewithinterestingpeople.Whenyoumeetsomeonenewwhoinspiresyouandmakesyouthink,keepintouch.Haveadinnerpartyandinviteonepersonoracouplefromeachcornerofyourlife—yourfamily,yourwork,yourschool,aclubtowhichyoubelong,andyourneighborhood.Sometimes,meetforreasonsthatgobeyondjustbeingsocial.Startabookclub,arepairgroup,anactingclub,anexercisegroup,orabusinessgroup.Learnsomethingnewfromeachother.

Makeimprovementinyourstudiesandinyourcareer.Whenatschool,takeclassesoutsideofyourmajorifyouhavetime.Aftergraduation,continueyoureducationbothinyourfieldandintheareaofgeneralknowledge.Stayontopofideas,developments,andnewtechnologyinyourfieldbyseekingoutcontinuingeducationcourses.Signupforcareer-relatedseminars.Tak