届高三高考二轮复习英语限时练2首段过渡类含答案.docx
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届高三高考二轮复习英语限时练2首段过渡类含答案
限时练
(二) 首段过渡类
30minutes_Startingtime:
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本节提供4篇首段过渡类文章,限时30分钟。
这类文章多以记叙文或者夹叙夹议的文体出现,文章首段通过提问题、记叙事件的方式引导读者进入后面的主题,所以首段起到导引或者过渡作用,本文主题是在其他段落,比如第二段或者最后段落呈现,或者不明说,而需要读者归纳总结。
2019·天津卷C篇
Howdoesanecosystem(生态系统)work?
Whatmakesthepopulationsofdifferentspeciesthewaytheyare?
Whyaretheresomanyfliesandsofewwolves?
Tofindananswer,scientistshavebuiltmathematicalmodelsoffoodwebs,notingwhoeatswhomandhowmucheachoneeats.
Withsuchmodels,scientistshavefoundoutsomekeyprinciplesoperatinginfoodwebs.Mostfoodwebs,forinstance,consistofmanyweaklinksratherthanafewstrongones.Whenapredator(掠食动物)alwayseatshugenumbersofasingleprey(猎物),thetwospeciesarestronglylinked;whenapredatorlivesonvariousspecies,theyareweaklylinked.Foodwebsmaybedominatedbymanyweaklinksbecausethatarrangementismorestableoverthelongterm.Ifapredatorcaneatseveralspecies,itcansurvivetheextinction(灭绝)ofoneofthem.Andifapredatorcanmoveontoanotherspeciesthatiseasiertofindwhenapreyspeciesbecomesrare,theswitchallowstheoriginalpreytorecover.Theweaklinksmaythuskeepspeciesfromdrivingoneanothertoextinction.
Mathematicalmodelshavealsorevealedthatfoodwebsmaybeunstable,wheresmallchangesoftoppredatorscanleadtobigeffectsthroughoutentireecosystems.Inthe1960s,scientistsproposedthatpredatorsatthetopofafoodwebhadasurprisingamountofcontroloverthesizeofpopulationsofotherspecies—includingspeciestheydidnotdirectlyattack.
Andunplannedhumanactivitieshaveprovedtheideaoftop-downcontrolbytoppredatorstobetrue.Intheocean,wefishedfortoppredatorssuchascodonanindustrialscale,whileonland,wekilledofflargepredatorssuchaswolves.Theseactionshavegreatlyaffectedtheecologicalbalance.
Scientistshavebuiltanearly-warningsystembasedonmathematicalmodels.Ideally,thesystemwouldtelluswhentoadapthumanactivitiesthatarepushinganecosystemtowardabreakdownorwouldevenallowustopullanecosystembackfromtheborderline.Preventioniskey,scientistssaybecauseonceecosystemspasstheirtippingpoint(临界点),itisremarkablydifficultforthemtoreturn.
[分析] 这是一篇说明文。
本文介绍了科学家们借助食物网的数学模型,发现了食物网中的一些重要现象。
科学家们认为,一旦一个生态系统越过了它的临界点,就很难再恢复。
该模型将告诉我们何时调整人类活动,以避免将生态系统推向崩溃,或者我们要将生态系统从边缘拉回来,预防是关键。
1.Whathavescientistsdiscoveredwiththehelpofmathematicalmodelsoffoodwebs?
A.Thelivinghabitsofspeciesinfoodwebs.
B.Therulesgoverningfoodwebsoftheecosystems.
C.Theapproachestostudyingthespeciesintheecosystems.
D.Thedifferencesbetweenweakandstronglinksinfoodwebs.
B [细节理解题。
根据题干关键信息discoveredwiththehelpofmathematicalmodelsoffoodwebs定位到第一段。
再由Withsuchmodels,scientistshavefoundoutsomekeyprinciplesoperatinginfoodwebs.可知,借助食物网的数学模型,科学家们发现了食物网中的一些关键原则。
]
[错项分析] 忽略定位方法,而试图从全文寻找答案,是本题出错和浪费时间的原因。
题干的discovered对应文中的foundout,mathematicalmodelsoffoodwebs则在文中出现,所以定位后确定的答案才准确无误。
2.Astronglinkisfoundbetweentwospecieswhenapredator______________.
A.hasawidefoodchoiceB.caneasilyfindnewprey
C.stickstoonepreyspeciesD.canquicklymovetoanotherplace
C [细节理解题。
根据题干关键信息predator,twospecies,stronglink可以定位到第二段。
根据段中Whenapredator(掠食动物)alwayseatshugenumbersofasingleprey(猎物),thetwospeciesarestronglylinked可知,当捕食者总是吃大量的单一猎物,这两个物种是紧密相连的。
]
[错项分析] 本题考查选项C.stickstoonepreyspecies和文中alwayseatshugenumbersofasingleprey的近义表达,理解不到这一点,就会错选其他。
3.Whatwillhappenifthepopulationsoftoppredatorsinafoodwebgreatlydecline?
A.Thepreyspeciestheydirectlyattackwilldieout.
B.Thespeciestheyindirectlyattackwillturnintotoppredators.
C.Thelivingenvironmentofotherspecieswillremainunchanged.
D.Thepopulationsofotherspecieswillexperienceunexpectedchanges.
D [推理判断题。
根据题干关键信息toppredators,populations,decline定位到第三段,由句子Inthe1960s,scientistsproposedthatpredatorsatthetopofafoodwebhadasurprisingamountofcontroloverthesizeofpopulationsofotherspecies可知,处于食物网顶端的食肉动物对其他物种的种群数量有着惊人的控制。
由此可推断出,如果食物链顶级食肉动物的数量大大下降,其他物种的种群将经历意想不到的变化。
]
[错项分析] 本题难点在于,推断题是根据一些事实信息进行推断,文中不会直接陈述,这类题要么难以定位,要么定位后也难找到答案。
这时需要对信息进行对比归纳,才可以锁定答案。
本题容易错选A、B两项,因为有directlyattack和indirectlyattack和原文中比较接近,选A是因为没有理解题干decline的意义;选B是没有理解清楚所定位句子的意义。
4.WhatconclusioncanbedrawnfromtheexamplesinParagraph4?
A.Uncontrolledhumanactivitiesgreatlyupsetecosystems.
B.Rapideconomicdevelopmentthreatensanimalhabitats.
C.Speciesofcommercialvaluedominateotherspecies.
D.Industrialactivitieshelpkeepfoodwebsstable.
A [推理判断题。
根据题干容易定位到第四段。
段中例子一定是支持段落主题句的。
根据例子Intheocean,wefishedfortoppredatorssuchascodonanindustrialscale,whileonland,wekilledofflargepredatorssuchaswolves.可知,人类对顶层鱼类和动物的大肆捕杀,极大的影响了生态系统。
]
[错项分析] 其他三项虽然也有道理,但是不是本段要描述的内容。
抛开所处语境文本盲目猜测是本题出错的原因,如B项economicdevelopment、C项Speciesofcommercialvalue、D项的Industrialactivities都未曾在本段提及。
5.Howdoesanearly-warningsystemhelpusmaintaintheecologicalbalance?
A.Bygettingillegalpracticesundercontrol.
B.Bystoppingusfromkillinglargepredators.
C.Bybringingthebroken-downecosystemsbacktonormal.
D.Bysignalingtheurgentneedfortakingpreventiveaction.
D [细节理解题。
根据early-warningsystem定位最后一段。
段中句子Scientistshavebuiltanearly-warningsystembasedonmathematicalmodels.Ideallythesystemwouldtelluswhentoadapthumanactivitiesthatarepushinganecosystemtowardabreakdownorwouldevenallowustopullanecosystembackfromtheborderline.Preventioniskey...可知,早期预警系统会告诉我们何时调整人类活动,采取预防措施以避免生态系统崩溃。
]
[错项分析] 易错选C项Bybringingthebroken-downecosystemsbacktonormal.。
题目问的是“预警系统是如何帮助我们保持生态平衡的”,根据上面解析,其作用就是警醒,人们可以提前预防。
这个系统本身并不能“恢复崩溃的生态系统”。
2019·天津卷D篇
WouldyouBETonthefutureofthisman?
Heis53yearsold.Mostofhisadultlifehasbeenalosingstruggleagainstdebtandmisfortune.Awarinjuryhasmadehislefthandstopfunctioning,andhehasoftenbeeninprison.Drivenbyheaven-knows-whatmotives,hedeterminestowriteabook.
Thebookturnsouttobeonethathasappealedtotheworldformorethan350years.ThatformerprisonerwasCervantes,andthebookwasDonQuixote(《堂吉诃德》).Andthestoryposesaninterestingquestion:
whydosomepeoplediscovernewvitalityandcreativitytotheendoftheirdays,whileothersgotoseedlongbefore?
We’veallknownpeoplewhorun_out_of_steambeforetheyreachlife’shalfwaymark.I’mnottalkingaboutthosewhofailtogettothetop.Wecan’tallgetthere.I’mtalkingaboutpeoplewhohavestoppedlearningongrowingbecausetheyhaveadoptedthefixedattitudesandopinionsthatalltoooftencomewithpassingyears.
Mostofus,infact,progressivelynarrowthevarietyofourlives.Wesucceedinourfieldofspecializationandthenbecometrappedinit.Nothingsurprisesus.Weloseoursenseofwonder.But,ifwearewillingtolearn,theopportunitiesareeverywhere.
Thethingswelearninmaturityseldominvolveinformationandskills.Welearntobearwiththethingswecan’tchange.Welearntoavoidself-pity.Welearnthathowevermuchwetrytoplease,somepeoplearenevergoingtoloveus—anideathattroublesatfirstbutiseventuallyrelaxing.
Withhighmotivationandenthusiasm,wecankeeponlearning.Thenwewillknowhowimportantitistohavemeaninginourlife.However,wecanachievemeaningonlyifwehavemadeacommitmenttosomethinglargerthanourownlittleegos(自我),whethertolovedones,tofellowhumans,towork,ortosomemoralconcept.
Manyofusequate(视……等同于)“commitment”withsuch“caring”occupationsasteachingandnursing.Butdoinganyordinaryjobaswellasonecanisinitselfanadmirablecommitment.Peoplewhoworktowardsuchexcellence—whethertheyaredrivingatruck,orrunningastore-—maketheworldbetterjustbybeingthekindofpeopletheyare.They’velearnedlife’smostvaluablelesson.
[分析] 本文属于议论文,开头用《堂吉诃德》作者塞万提斯的成功例子作为过渡,讲述了“要成功,就需要不断的学习,这样的生活才会有意义”。
6.ThepassagestartswiththestoryofCervantestoshowthat______________.
A.lossoffreedomstimulatesone’screativity
B.ageisnotabarriertoachievingone’sgoal
C.Miseryinspiresamantofightagainsthisfate
D.disabilitycannotstopaman’spursuitofhappiness
B [推理判断题。
首段是过渡段,提到了塞万提斯53岁高龄(age),曾经生活困窘(misery),入狱,右手残疾等,但却写出了不朽篇章,说明上述因素都没能阻止他成功,再根据第三段句子I’mtalkingaboutpeoplewhohavestoppedlearningongrowingbecausetheyhaveadoptedthefixedattitudesandopinionsthatalltoooftencomewithpassingyears.可知本文作者要讨论的是那些成长过程中年龄变大后就观念固化,停止学习的人,即在学习成功的人生中年龄其实不是障碍。
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[错项分析] 易错选A和C。
A项lossoffreedomstimulatesone’screativity(失去自由激发创造力)和C项miseryinspiresamantofightagainsthisfate(生活困窘激起抗争命运的斗志)似乎都有道理,但是根据首段Drivenbyheaven-knows-whatmotives,hedeterminestowriteabook.可知他写书成功的动机并不清楚,但可以推断出“年龄没有阻止他的成功。
”
7.WhatdoestheunderlinedpartinParagraph3probablymean?
A.Endone’sstruggleforliberty.
B.Wasteone’senergytakingrisks.
C.Misstheopportunitytosucceed.
D.Losetheinteresttocontinuelearning.
D [词义猜测题。
根据第三段I’mtalkingaboutpeoplewhohavestoppedlearningongrowingbecausetheyhaveadoptedthefixedattitudesandopinionsthatalltoooftencomewithpassingyears.故可知,作者谈论的不是那些没有到达巅峰的人,而是谈论那些不再学习成长的人,故可知runoutofsteam意思为停止学习。
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[错项分析] 多数同学只知道steam的意义是“蒸汽”,这是题目难点所在。
应该根据上下文来判断陌生单词和词组的意义,不能望文生义,此处steam表示“精力,热情”。
8.WhatcouldbeinferredfromParagraph4?
A.Thosewhodaretotryoftengetthemselvestrapped.
B.Thosewhotendtothinkbackcanhardlygoahead.
C.Opportunityfavorsthosewithacuriousmind.
D.Opportunityawaitsthosewithacautiousmind.
C [推理判断题。
根据第四段weloseoursenseofwonder.But,ifwearewillingtolearn,theopportunitiesareeverywhere.可知,我们失去了好奇心,但是如果我们愿意学习,机会无处不在,故可知,机会总是留给那些好奇心的人。
]
[错项分析] 其他选项句子本身也有道理,容易误