高中英语 Unit 1 Other countries other culturesGrammar精品教案 牛津译林版选修9.docx
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高中英语Unit1OthercountriesotherculturesGrammar精品教案牛津译林版选修9
M9U1othercountries,othercultures
Period4
Grammarandusage
Teachingobjectives:
Tooverviewtheclausesandtheusage
Importantanddifficultpoints:
Howtouseclausescorrectly.
Teachingprocedures:
Step1.Revision
Whataresubordinateclauses
•Whenanumberofideasarecombinedinonesentence,someideasaremoreimportantthanothers.Wecanusesubordinateclausestoexpresslessimportantideas.Thesecanbedividedintothreekinds:
adverbial,nounorattributiveclauses.
Step2.GrammarandUsage
Whatareadverbialclauses?
Adverbialclausescanexpresstime,place,manner,contract,condition,reason,purposeorresult.Theyareintroducedbyconjunctionsthatindicatethemeaningsoftheclause,e.g.,when,where,how,although,if,since,because,inorderthatandsothat.
Completethefollowingwithproperconjunctions:
AsIdidn’tknowtheway,Iaskedapoliceman.
Ifitsnowstomorrow,wewillbuildasnowman.
Hedidn’tgotoschooluntilhewaseleven.
Wearrivedearly,sothatwegotgoodseats.
WeintendtogoU.S.,evenifairfaresareexpensive.
Difficultpoints
as,when,while的区别
1.____thedaywenton,theweathergotworse.(MET)
A.WithB.SinceC.WhileD.As
2.Ihadjuststeppedoutofthebathroomandwasbusilydryingmyselfwithatowel_________Iheardthesteps.(湖南卷)
A.whileB.whenC.sinceD.after
3.-I'mgoingtothepostoffice.
________you'rethere,canyougetmesomestamps?
(NMET)
A.As B.While C.Because D.If
as,when,while都表示主、从句的动作或状态同时发生,但三者意义不尽相同。
as和when引导的从句既可表示一点时间,也可表示一段时间,从句中的谓语动词既可以是持续性动词,也可以为短暂性动词,经常可以互换使用;
while引导的从句通常表示一段时间,从句中宜用持续性动词作谓语。
当从句中的谓语动词为持续性动词时,这三者可以通用.如:
MotherwasworriedbecauselittleAlicewasill,especiallyas/when/whilefatherwasawayinFrance.妈妈担心,因为小艾丽思病了,特别是当父亲远在法国的时候。
如果从句和主句要表示一个人的两个动作交替进行或同时完成时,则多用as,可译为“一边......,一边......”。
例如:
Helookedbehindfromtotimeashewent.
他一边走,一边不时地往后看。
Ithoughtofitjustasyouopenedyourmouth.
你一张嘴我就知道你要说什么。
(若表示两个短促动作几乎同时发生时,用as的场合多于when.)
当主从句之间表示转折或对比关系时,多用while,不用as或when。
如:
ShethoughtIwastalkingaboutherdaughter,whileinfact,Iwastalkingaboutmydaughter.她以为我在谈论她女儿,而事实上,我在谈论我的女儿。
如果表示从句的动作在主句的动作“之前”或“之后”发生时,多用when(=after),不用as或while。
此外,when还含有“atthatmoment”的意思(=andthen),引起的句子不能放在句首,也不能用as,while来替换。
例如:
Hewasabouttoleavewhenthetelephonerang.
他正要离开,忽然电话铃响了。
WewerewatchingTVwhensuddenlythelightswentout.我们正在看电视,突然灯灭了。
Theyhadjustarrivedhomewhenitbegantorain.他们刚到家,天就开始下雨了。
NotuntilIbegantowork____howmuchtimeIhadwasted.(NMET)
A.didn'tIrealizeB.didIrealize
C.Ididn'trealizeD.Irealized
2.Notuntilallthefishdiedintheriver____howseriousthepollutionwas.(NMET)
didthevillagersrealize
thevillagersrealized
thevillagersdidrealize
didn'tthevillagersrealize
Itwasnot___shetookoffherglasses____Irealizedshewasafamousstar.(MET)
A.when;thatB.until;that
C.until;whenD.when;then
4.Itwasnotuntil1920___regularradiobroadcastsbegan.(NMET)
A.whileB.which
C.thatD.since
until与till及not…until/till的用法
until和till都可表示“直到...为止”,与持续性动词的肯定式连用。
如:
Hewaiteduntil/tillwefinishedourmeal.
他一直等到我们吃完饭。
当until和till表示“直到...才...”时,通常与短暂动词的否定式连用,这时,until和till也可用before代替。
如:
Ididn’tleaveuntil/till/beforeshecameback.直到她回来,我才离开的。
(3)be动词肯定式和否定式都可以和until或till连用。
(4)until引导的从句可以放在主句之前或主句之后,但till从句一般不放在句首。
DidyouremembertogiveMarythemoneyyouowedher?
-Yes,Igaveittoher____Isawher.
A.whileB.themoment
C.suddenlyD.once
Ithoughtherniceandhonest________Imether.
A.firsttimeB.forthefirsttime
C.thefirsttimeD.bythefirsttime
有时,thetime(当……的时刻),themoment(当……的时刻),bythetime(到……
时候为止),nexttime(下次),thefirsttime(第一次……的时候),thelasttime(上次……的时候),immediately(一……就……),instantly(一……就……),directly(一……就……)等词或词组以及hardly/scarcely…when…(刚……就……),nosooner…than…(刚……就……)等关联词也可引导表示时间的状语从句。
例如:
Besuretocallonusnexttimeyoucometotown.
下次你进城一定来看我们。
Bythetimehewasfourteen,Einsteinhadlearnedadvancedmathematicsallbyhimself.
爱因斯坦到十四岁时就自学完了高等数学。
Sherushedintotheroomimmediately/themomentsheheardthenoise.
她一听到这声音,就冲进房间。
HeleftmeagoodimpressionthefirsttimeImethim.
我第一次见他时,他给我留下了好印象。
例如:
Hehadnosoonerarrivedtherethanhefellill.
他刚到达那里就生起病来。
Hehadhardlyfinishedwhensomeonerosetorefutehispoints.
他还没全说完,就有人起来反驳他的论点。
当hardly,scarcely,nosooner位于引起的句子的开头时,常用倒装语序。
上面的例句可以依次改写成:
Nosoonerhadhearrivedtherethanhefellill.
Hardlyhadhefinishedwhensomeonerosetorefutehispoints.
if和unless的用法
TheWTOcannotliveuptoitsname________itdoesnotincludeacountrythatishometoonefifthofmankind.
A.aslongasB.while
C.ifD.eventhough
Themenwillhavetowaitallday____thedoctorworksfaster.
A.ifB.unless
C.whetherD.That
if和unless的用法
一般情况下,unless相当于if…not,可以互换。
如:
Iwon’tletyouinunlessyoushowmeyourpass=Iwon’tletyouinifyoudon’tshowmeyourpass.
如果你不出示通行证,我就不让你进来。
但是,在下列情况下,两者是有区别的。
unless引导真实条件句,if…not可以引导真实条件句或非真实条件句。
unless从句中有否定词时,不能换成if…not结构。
if和unless的用法
3)如果主句描述的是情感或情绪活动方面的内容,if…not结构不能换成unless。
如:
I’llbequitegladifshedoesn’tcomethisevening.
(她今晚如果不来我很高兴。
)
unless表示唯一条件,不能用and连接重复使用,if…not则可以。
because,since,as,for的区别
1.Shewasill,______shedidn’tcometoschoolthismorning.
A.sinceB.becauseC.asD.for
Wehadbetterhurry____itisgettingdark.
A.andB.butC.asD.unless
TheItalianboywasregardedasahero____hegavehislifeforhiscountry.
A.accordingtoB.becauseof
C.onaccountofD.because
because,since,as,for的区别
(1)在这四个连词中,because语气最强,它引导的从句表达的是未知的新信息,也是该主从复合句中的焦点,一般都置于主句之后(也可以放在主句之前,用逗号隔开)。
在回答”why”引导的特殊疑问句时,一般只能用because;在强调结构”Itis/was…that…”中,也只能用because。
例如:
It’sbecausehehelpedyouthatI’mpreparedtohelphim.
正是因为他帮助过你,所以我乐意去帮助他。
—Whydidn’tyouphonemelastnight?
你昨天夜里为什么没给我打电话?
—BecauseIdidn’twanttodisturbyou.
因为我不想在夜里打扰你。
because,since,as,for的区别
(2)since和as语气不如because强,as的语气最弱。
他们引导的从句大多置于句首,有时放在主句之后(as从句在复合句中的位置更为灵活),表达的往往是已知信息,即所指的原因是人们已知的客观事实,所以,复合句的重心在主句,不在从句。
例如:
Sinceyouhavenolicense,youarenotallowedtodrive.
因为你没有驾驶执照,所以不允许你开车。
Ashewasnotwellenough,Ihadtogowithouthim.
由于他身体欠佳,我只好不带他去了。
because,since,as,for的区别
(3)for的语气不及because,since,as强,为并列连词,引导的分句常放在主句之后,从句前通常用逗号,表示说话者为所做的推断和预测提供理由,或对前一分句进行补充和解释。
如:
Itmusthaverainedlastnight,forthegroundiswet.(for分句表示说话者推断“昨晚天下雨”的理由。
此时,because不能替代for,因为地湿不是造成下雨的直接原因。
原句可改为:
Thegroundiswet,for/becauseitrainedlastnight.)
sothat,so…that,such…that
Wewerein____whenweleftthatweforgottheairlinetickets.
A.arushsoanxious
B.asuchanxiousrush
C.soananxiousrush
D.suchananxiousrush
Sallyworkedlateintheeveningtofinishherreport____herbosscouldreaditfirstthenextmorning.
A.sothatB.because
C.beforeD.orelse
sothat,so…that,such…that
sothat“以便”、“结果”表目的和结果。
注意:
在从句中有情态动词表目的。
无情态动词表结果。
so…that“如此…以致于”表结果。
该结构常见于:
so+形/副+that
so+形+a(an)+单数名词+that
so+many/much+复数名词(不可数名词)+that
such…that“如此…以致于”表结果该结构常见于:
such+a(an)+形+名词+that
such+形+复数名词/不可数名词+that
as,though引导的倒装句
1.____,hetalksalotabouthisfavouritesingersafterclass.
Aquietstudentashemaybe
Quietstudentashemaybe
Quietashemaybeastudent
Ashemaybeaquietstudent
______,hewasunabletomakemuchprogress.
A.HardashetryB.Hardashetried
C.AshetriedhardD.Hetriedhard
as,though引导的倒装句
as/though引导的让步从句必须表语或状语提前(形容词、副词、分词、实义动词提前)。
Fastasyouread,youcan'tfinishthebooksosoon.纵然你读得快,你也不能这么快读完这本书。
注意:
a. 句首名词不能带任何冠词。
Childas/thoughhewas,heknewwhatwastherightthingtodo.
=Thoughhewasasmallchild,heknewwhatwastherightthingtodo.
as,though引导的倒装句
注意:
b.句首是实义动词,其他助动词放在主语后
如果实义动词有宾语和状语,随实义动词一起放在主语之前。
Tryhardashewill,heneverseemsabletodotheworksatisfactorily.
=Thoughhetrieshard,heneverseems…
虽然他尽了努力,但他的工作总做的不尽人意。
Objectasyoumay,I‘llgo.
=Though/Althoughyoumayobject,I'llgo.
纵使你反对,我也要去。
Thisisaveryinterestingbook.I’llbuyit,_______.(陕西)
nomatterhowitmaycost
howmayitcost
howmuchmayitcost
howevermuchitmaycost
Hetriedhisbesttosolvetheproblem,____difficultitwas.(Tianjin)
A.howeverB.nomatter
C.whateverD.although
Youcaneatfoodfreeinmyrestaurant____youlike.(Chongqinog)
A.wheneverB.wherever
C.whateverD.however
______,motherwillwaitforfathertohavedinnertogether.(NMET)
Howeverlateishe
Howeverlateheis
Howeverishelate
Howeverheislate
"nomatter+疑问词"或"疑问词+后缀ever"
Nomatterwhathappened,hewouldnotmind.
Whateverhappened,hewouldnotmind.
注意:
nomatter不能引导主语从句和宾语从句.
1.(错)Nomatterwhatyousayisofnousenow.
(对)Whateveryousayisofnousenow.
(Whateveryousay是主语从句)
2.(错)Prisonershavetoeatnomatterwhatthey'regiven,
(对)Prisonershavetoeatwhateverthey'regiven. 囚犯们只能给什么吃什么。
Step3.nounclauses
Nounclausesfunctionlikenounsinasentence,andcanbetheSubject,theobjectorthepredicative.Theystartwiththewordthat,orwithaquestionword(what,which,whose,when,how,why,whereandwho0,oriforwhether.
Yourwordwasright.
Whatyousaidwasright.
Whatyousaid作主语,为subjectclause
Iwanttoknowyouropinion.
Iwanttoknowwhetheryouagreeitornot.
whetheryouagreeitornot作宾语为objectclause
Theproblemisnotsettledyet.
Theproblemishowtosettletheproblem.
howtosettletheproblem作表语为predicativeclause
Thenewsofourvictoryisexciting.
Thenewsthatwehavewoninthegameisexciting